Mali of manila zoo-IR

Old who has patiently fed and pampered â€Å"Mali† for 10 years. While an animal rights manage confronts that Manila zoo's lone elephant is suffering physically and psychologically, her â€Å"best friend† has come out to let out sentiments to the contrary. He's still the same, never been uncared-for, only those People's Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) people who are making slanderous statements about the condition of Mali are saying that she is sick, they are all untrue, Noel said.PETA embers brought Richardson, a California-based elephant specialist for 40 years, to see Mali and later released a report on her condition, which he said was based on his visual inspection of the 38-year-old Mali is healthy. On a daily basis from morning and all through-out the day they kept the zoo clean especially Mali's place and also for the people who visits the zoo. Manila zoo being one of the top attractions in Manila hundreds of people go over every day. Mali is really well-take n cared by his keeper, they serve plenty of foods for her including her cage, huge and always aintained clean.She eats meal twice a day, in the morning the zoo keeper serves her with Loaf bread, 5 kilos of sweet potatoes, 100 pieces of bananas, 5 kilos of carrots, 5 pieces of pineapples and a total of 180 kilos of grasses 5 bundles in the morning and 5 the afternoon. When her favourite food, Grasses are already decayed her keeper will immediately replace it with fresh ones. Zoo keepers like Noel has a daily report containing checklist for animals including their health observations, so doctors will be immediately be informed if animals are okay or sick.Mali's cuticle ailment was treated with the use of sand, they put up a sand pool inside his cage when Mali started to scrub it all over her body her cuticles started to brake. After every 3 months the keeper replace sand pool with fresh sand delivered with a huge truck. Mali's way of thinking was adopted from the hundreds people who v isits her, her way of thinking is almost like a human being, Noel said. The Red Coca-Cola truck who regularly delivers beverage to stores inside the zoo was banned to pass-by Mali's ecause cage whenever she sees it she becomes hysterical, running scared around her cage and even experience LBM.She was placed in a red truck when she was still a kid after separating to her parents. Elephant's memories are sharp. Even after decades of not seeing a person she can still remember it. Noel needs to leave Mali and go to province for family matters, after 2 years of not seeing her zoo keeper, Mali can still remember Noel, not all people are friends with Mali they still need to go hrough a hard training before making Mali at ease with them, Noel said.Asked if needs a companion inside his cage Noel answered † Yes , it could be but they will not be kept in the same cage because it might cause trouble† they need to be at ease and have closure first before putting them in one cage, Jus t like other animals even if you belong in the same breed it's the first time they see each other and theyre unacquainted chances are they will beat each other. Mali can survive without a companion, sne was able to live by nerselt tor 38 years now.

Long term financing

The capital market you may remember deals with bonds and stocks. Within the capital market there exists both a primary and a secondary market. A primary market is a â€Å"new issues† market. It is here that funds rose through the sale of new securities flow from the buyers of securities to the issuers of securities. In a secondary market, existing securities are bought and sold. Transactions in these already existing securities do not provide additional funds to finance capital investment. A large company typically raises funds both publicly and privately. With a public issue, securities are sold to hundreds and often thousands of investors under a formal contract overseen by federal and state regulatory authorities. A private placement on the other hand, is made to a limited number of investors, sometimes only one, and with considerably less regulation. An example of a private placement might be a loan by a small group of insurance companies to a corporation. Thus, the two types of security issues differ primarily in the number of investors involved and in the regulations governing issuance. When a company opted for expansion, it obviously must be financed. Often the seed money (i.e. the initial financing) comes from the founders and their families and friends. For some companies, this is sufficient to get things launched, and by retaining future earnings they need no more external equity financing. For others infusions of additional external equity are necessary. Venture Capital: venture capital represents funds invested in a new enterprise. Wealthy investors and financial institutions are the major sources of venture capitals. Debt funds are sometimes provided, but it is mostly common stock that is involved. This stock is almost always initially placed privately. Initial Public Offerings: If the enterprise is successful, the owners may want to â€Å"take the company public† with a sale of common stock to outsiders. Often this desire is prompted by venture capitalists, who want to realize a cash return on their investment. In another situation, the founders may simply want to establish a value, and liquidity, for their common stock. Initial Public Offerings are accomplished through underwriters. Bonds: a bond is a long term debt instrument with a final maturity generally being 10 years or more. If the security has a final maturity shorter than 10 years, it is usually called a note. To fully understand bonds, we must be familiar with certain basic terms and common features. Par value for a bond represents the amount to be paid the lender at the bond’s maturity. It is also called face value or principal. Coupon rate is the interest rate on a bond for example a 13% coupon rate indicates that the issuer will pay bondholders $ 130 per annum for every $1000 par value bond that they hold. Bonds almost always have a stated maturity. This is the time when the company is obligated to pay the bondholder the par value of the bond. Preferred stocks: it is a hybrid form of financing, combining features of debt and common stock. In the event of liquidation a preferred stockholder’s claim on assets comes after that of creditors but before that of common stock holders. Usually, this claim is restricted to the par value of the stock, if the par value of a share of preferred stock is $100, the investors will be entitled to a maximum of $100 in settlement of the principal amount. Term loans: commercial banks are a primary source of term financing. Two features of a bank term loan distinguish it from other types of business loans. First, a term loan has a final maturity of more than 1 year. Second it most often represents credit extended under a formal loan agreement. For the most part, these loans are repayable in periodic installments. Quarterly, semiannually, or annual – that covers both interest and principal. Lease financing: a lease is a contract; by its terms the owner of an asset (the lessor) gives another party (the lessee) the exclusive right to use the asset, usually for a specific period of time, in return for the payment of rent. Most of us are familiar with leases of houses, apartments, officers or automobiles. Recent decades have seen an enormous growth in the leasing of business assets, such as cards and trucks, computers, machinery and even manufacturing plants. An obvious advantage, the lessee incurs several obligations. First and foremost is the obligation to make periodic lease payments, usually monthly or quarterly. Almost, the lease contact specifies who is to maintain the asset. The decision to borrow rests on the relative timing and magnitude of cash flows. Under the two financing alternatives, as well as on the discount rate employed. To evaluate whether or not a proposal for financing makes economic sense one should compare the proposal with financing the asset with debt. References Neil Seitz and Mitch Ellison (2004), Capital Budgeting and Long-Term Financing Decisions Richard H. Bernhard, (2005), Capital Budgeting and Long-Term Financing Decisions, 2d ed Robert G. Beaves (2005), Capital Budgeting and Long-Term Financing Decisions. Long Term Financing It offers powerful and intuitively pleasing predictions about how to measure risk and the relation between expected return and risk. The risk in this model comprise of systematic risk means risk undiversifiable risk or market risk. This Model basically takes into account asset’s sensitivity to non-diversifiable risk RE: (Capital asset pricing model From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Earlier pricing models do not reflect changes in financial markets but with the emergence of Financial Pricing Models in form of Capital Pricing Models and Discounted Cash Flow models, changes in financial market, risk and return on individual investment can be easily ascertained RE: ( http://www.business.uiuc.edu/~s-darcy/present/ratemake.ppt#256,1,Ratemaking:   A Financial Economics Approach). CAPM is based on certain assumptions such as investors should be rational, fixed quantity of assets, perfect efficient capital markets, production plans are fixed, no inflation, no change in level of interest rate, similar expectation. However having numerous advantage of this model it is also affected by certain limitations and based on certain assumptions which does not perfectly exists. As it fails to appear adequate variation in stock returns, it assumes that there are no taxes or transaction cost which is not suitable in prevailing market situation. It assumes all assets of fixed quality which can never be possible, every market is not perfectly efficient, it varies on the basis of several factors. Inflation makes direct effect on the interest rate so can it be possible to remain unaffected with such change. In comparison to previous Model, Discounted Cash Flow Model (DCF) helps to determine that what one person is willing to pay today in order to obtain the expected cash flow in future years. In short, it can be said that Discounted cash Flow Model is the method of conversion of futures earning in today’s money. DCFM helps in calculation of cash needed to be invested to receive expected cash flow in future years. The DCFM reflects following Reference:- 1.   The time Value of money means investor must be compensated for the delay of their cash   flow. Risk Premium states that investor can demand high amount in form compensation.   The key inputs in Discounted Cash Flow Model are discount rate, cash flows and growth to get future cash flows. This model helps in determining  Ã‚   the company’s current value according to its estimated future cash flows. DCFM is an important tool in making judgment about company performance. However DCFM are powerful, but they have certain limitations as they are limited to mechanical valuation, small changes in inputs may result in large changes in the value of a company. DCFM are not suitable for short term investment as it focus on long term investing RE: (http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/pdfiles/dcfinput.pdf). So, from the study of both the model it can be concluding that both are suitable at their own place subject to consideration of certain assumption and limitation. The company’s evaluates various debts policy and dividend policy to arrive at final decision so that maximum benefit can be provided to company, shareholder, creditors or other persons. To valuate debts and equities various theories are discussed in connection with the sum of debt or equity needed in the organization. Cost of capital play a very important role in selection of the amount of debt and equity such as cost of debt, cost of preference shares, cost of debentures, cost of common shares etc. Then to identify factors which affect capital structure such as political risk, cash flows, discount rate and terminal value. Calculation of net present value, interest rate of return and adjusted net present value is done to ascertain the suitability of capital budget.   So first, cash flow forecasting is to be done by adopting various principles. Then categorization of cash require is made in form of shorter cash, medium term and long term. Then the capital structure is decided by considering various aspects such as cost of equity capital. Then after having profits the company decide whether whole or part of  Ã‚   profit is distributed. The factors should be considered while taking the decision policy decision. Then procedure for payment of dividend is sketched and then impact of divided is noted on the position of shareholders RE: (http://www.cma-srilanka.org/pub/professionalII.pdf). Hence it is clear from the evaluation of debt/equity mix and dividend policy that how much they are necessary to strengthen company’s position. Therefore it is advisable that there must be judicious mixture of debt and equity that must add value by reducing taxes and strengthening management as too much debt result in heavy loss of business and perhaps a costly organization. REFERENCE Referred to sites:- 1.   http://www.business.uiuc.edu/~s-darcy/present/ratemake.ppt#256, 1, Ratemaking:   A   Financial Economics Approach Ratemaking: A Financial economies Approach 2.   http://www.biu.ac.il/soc/sb/stfhome/lauterbah/794/part6/fama_capm.pdf The Capital Asset Pricing Model: Theory and Evidence Eugene F. Fama and Kenneth R. French 3.   http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_dcf.html DCF method Discounted Cash Flow 4.   http://www.cma-srilanka.org/pub/professionalII.pdf Internal Control & Risk Management (ICR) Dated 28th August 2007   

Nazis and Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nazis and Art - Essay Example Movies played a very important role in the spread of racial anti-Semitism as Jews were defined as the enemies of nation. The films created by Nazi depicted Nazi as inhuman beings, which penetrated German society. Classical music also was an important tool of propaganda during World War II. Now it is difficult to imagine that classical music played a key role during national crisis. Nevertheless, music was very noticeable background for different World War II events. According to Hitler’s order, overture from opera â€Å"Die Meistersinger von Nà ¼rnberg† should have accompanied every mass-meeting in Nà ¼rnberg. Nazi encouraged the performing the works of Wagner, because Hiller was his fan (Waite, 1977). The works of Meyerbeer and Mendelssohn were forbidden due to the Jewish origin of these composers. German orchestras were not allowed to perform the music by Paul Hindemith, the leading national composer, who was recognized all over the world (Heinsohn, 2000). Many chor uses and orchestras had to leave Germany. The culture of many countries was enriched as a result, because many outstanding Jewish Musicians were afraid to be killed and chose to leave Nazi

Military Industrial Complex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Military Industrial Complex - Essay Example vast proportions†¦ The total influence – economic, political, even spiritual – is felt in every city, every statehouse, every office of the federal government†¦ In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. (Eisenhower, 1961) What this Eisenhower speech underscored was that the link between economics and war is a real one especially that the connection operates in contemporary capitalist society through money- making and globalization. Hence, its influence crept up to the highest echelon of the government influencing policy-making to the extent of war-mongering in order to profit. Unfortunately, Eisenhower’s warning is starting to be lost amid the rapid and numerous economic and political developments not just in America but in the global stage. This is not surprising at all. The highly capitalist society of the US and its dominance in the world stage tempered this issue that today, only the left-wing critics tend to advance the cause against the military industrial complex. Indeed, according to the imminent economist, Joseph Schumpeter (1991), the orientation toward war is mainly fostered by the domestic interests of ruling classes and the influence of those who stand to gain individually from a war policy. (p. 188) After the Second World War, the US was the unrivaled power throughout the capitalist world. In addition, the US provided a military security for the West with the existence of a credible threat embodied by the USSR. However, in the 1970s the Soviet Union collapsed and the US security umbrella was no longer needed. The US power began a long decline as the economies in Europe and Japan recovered. This was alarming since according to Richard Appelbaum and William Robinson (2005), the MIC is the structural heart of the US superpower status. (p. 141)

Business Process Management in Hospitality Case Study

Business Process Management in Hospitality - Case Study Example Configuration is defined as "making choices about what a company will do and how it will do it, andensuring that the things a company does reinforce each other". They argue that the lack of a focused competitive strategy is one of the key causes of poor organisational configuration. However, the problem of organisational configuration is not just restricted to understanding markets, with poor configuration being found in a number of key areas, including hospitality SMEs' relationships with their customers, which are fraught with uncertainty. There is an acknowledged advantage in that small firms are closer to the customer, enabling more personal relationships to develop (Crook , 2003). However, this is tempered by the danger that having a limited customer base (Gray, 2005) facilitates the development of deferential supplier-customer relationships. Research by Harrison (2003) concludes that, apart from those firms which operate only in very low profit or niche markets, hospitality SMEs are consistently found to be subservient to their larger counterparts. This view is supported by Wong (2005) who suggest that hospitality SMEs have a lack of control over their futures because of demands made by stronger customers throughout the supply chain. An additional burden is a lack of power to leverage payment of debts from these customers, as noted by (Okumus, 2003), who point out that many smaller firms are "afraid to press customers too hard for payment for fear of loss of future business". It is this scenario which most severely affects hospitality SMEs as their limited resources cannot cope with the fluctuations in cash flow that late payment inevitably brings. The overall effect of the fiercely competitive environment in which hospitality SMEs operate is that, very often, strategic planning becomes a seemingly pointless exercise, again lowering competitive advantage through poor organisational configuration. Tangen (2004) points out that unless the internal structures and the external competitive environment of the hospitality SME are effectively aligned with its strategy, it is unlikely that it will ever be implemented successfully. The difficulties associated with aligning strategy to the external competitive environment led ( Harrison, 2003) to conclude that the majority of hospitality SMEs in the automotive sector are not concerned about future strategic developments, as survival in the supply chain requires them only to maintain a reactive strategy. In addition, McAdam (2004) found that it is not unusual for firms to retain the original strategy developed by the founder, thereby leading to a "strategic hangover", which, if the competi tive environment or the company structure has changed, may actually be detrimental to future business success. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that many established hospitality SMEs rely solely on internal or financial planning as their main approach to preparing for the future (Crook, 2003). This might be due to the fact that accountancy information has been shown to be the most important factor in determining survival or

Differences Between Concrete and Virtual Manipulatives in Preparing Thesis - 1

Differences Between Concrete and Virtual Manipulatives in Preparing 10th Grade Math Students for Standardized Tests - Thesis Example Presentation and Interpretation of Data Qualitative Analysis 1. Advantages of using Concrete Manipulative in Teaching Data was collected to ascertain the advantages that the use of concrete manipulative have on the learning of mathematics at the 10th grade. To do this, respondents were made to undertake various tests that involved the use of concrete or physical manipulative. It must be emphasized that, for a comparative study like this, it was necessary to get a yardstick to measure the performance of the students with. This is to say that it was necessary to create a platform that would make it possible to measure the impact of the concrete manipulative on learning separately. To this end, students were first made to undertake a class lesson on various mathematical topics including number sense, geometry, algebra, and probability and statistics. The first lesson did not involve the use of any concrete manipulative or any other form of learning manipulative. The lesson was therefore done in abstraction. After this, a second lesson was undertaken. This lesson on the other hand involved the use of concrete manipulative. As the leader of the class in the lesson, some major advantages of the concrete manipulative that were recorded include the fact that: i. ... 2. Limitations to the use of concrete manipulative The same group of lessons that were taught in the class as a means of ascertaining the impact of the use of concrete manipulative in teaching also brought out a number of weaknesses or limitations that are associated with the use of concrete manipulative in teaching. After the first lesson (pre-test), which did not involve the use of concrete manipulative was completed and the second lesson (post-test), which involved the use of concrete manipulative was underway, the researcher observed that it took more time to finish teaching the same topic when no concrete manipulative was used. That is, the use of concrete manipulative is time consuming. Again, it was noticed that class control became a little difficult when the teacher introduce the concrete manipulative to the class. Even more, there was clear indication and evidence that the continuous use of concrete manipulative for teaching was going to come with some extra expenditure to the class. Finally, it was observed that the use of concrete manipulative demands so much skill and experience. 3. Advantages of using virtual manipulative Great amount of data were also collected to ascertain the importance or advantages of using virtual manipulative in teaching mathematics at the 10th grade. Most of these data were secondary data from the literature review that was conducted. According to some of the major researchers whose works were reviewed, it was established that using the virtual manipulative in teaching and learning mathematics offers almost the same relevance and importance as the use of concrete manipulative (quote). This is because the academic idea of using virtual manipulative is to give a digital

Negotiation Strategy Article Analysis Research Paper

Negotiation Strategy Article Analysis - Research Paper Example What the authors suggest is that negotiation does not occur as a product of quick decision-making when one party believes that rapid solutions are the most beneficial to both parties. This represents an individual with premature judgment who believes that simply formulating a rapid solution can end a long-term negotiation with another party. The authors’ negotiation strategy suggests that broadening potential options for mutual solution offers both parties a wide variety of ideas to discuss, further giving both parties a chance to reflect on the long-term benefits of each option. It seems that by making premature judgment or ill-conceived solutions can have a negative impact in the long-term because they were not constructed for anything else but to end the negotiation session quickly. For a negotiator looking to establish long-run relationships, this strategy appears most viable. Another expert in negotiation strategy suggests blending both the positional bargaining theory with interest-based bargaining in order to fully achieve successful negotiations. This approach clearly illustrates, to the other party, what the negotiator’s specific interests are and helps the second party to define theirs as well. A person holding what is referred to as a principled negotiation tactic then works to create extra value in bargaining by creating a larger pool of potential options and solutions. Once the pieces of this larger pie have been analyzed and discussed, to identify which options would be most suitable for both parties, the pieces of this hypothetical pie are distributed until both parties feel they have won the negotiation (even if there really was no victor by design of mutual reward). Under this principled negotiation tactic, a negotiator makes his or her opposing party believe they have gained advantage in the bargaining

Gender in Asian Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender in Asian Studies - Essay Example They do this simply by following social systems that are dominant. She examined colonialism by Europeans in Asia, including areas in contemporary Indonesia, India and Malaysia (Rooy, 2000). The French, Dutch, and British were examples of colonialists that she used. She went on to claim that the status of women of European origin in the colonies had two main roles that were contrasting. These women oppressed the people that were indigenous, while also being oppressed by their European husbands and European men in general (Rooy, 2000). Stoler argues that colonialism by the Europeans was because of differences on the racial nature between non-whites and whites. They justified this prestige with the notion that they are a race superior to the colored people with darker skin (Rooy, 2000). While this distinction by race was of use in the creation of colonial authority, a pitfall in this system came up. This was the existence of children born of mixed race relationships, between local women and European men. The administrators of the colonies saw this as a worrying problem, as the existence of these children of mixed race would blur lines between the inferior and superior races (Rooy, 2000). During the early 20th century, there was concerted introduction of women from Europe to make the generation of children of mixed race cease. ... They also ensured their children did not take up customs from the local culture. These rules ensured a clear distinction between the natives and the colonialists. For the achievement of this goal, these women formed organizations for the preservation of European thought and lifestyle in the colonies. Her research showed there were two roles, very contrasting, for these European women: the oppressors and the oppressed. The women were subject to the strict rules aimed at placating their men not to wander, thus oppressed. They did this while enforcing actively segregation by race thus oppressing the indigenous people, who would, otherwise, been granted more freedom. 2. Faier, "Runaway Stories: The Underground Micro movements of Filipina Oyomesan in Rural Japan". Lieba Faier, a Geography assistant professor in the University of California, published this article in November 2008, in an issue of Cultural Anthropology. In it, Lieba tells us about migration of Filipinas, in large scale, int o Japan. They went as entertainers and were a section of a larger group of Marcos administration initiated emigrates. These migration patterns were initiated to increase foreign exchange and cut national debt in Philippines. Around 1980, Filipino unemployment had grown, and debt levels were critical. During this time, the Japanese economy was booming, and Filipinas looked to immigrate there. Brokers and managers began recruitment of women, both from rural and urban poor communities as bar hosts and sex workers. Women in Japan, on the other hand, removed themselves from this. Lieba brings to the fore stories of migrants of Filipina origin who, apparently, have escaped from their husbands in Central Kiso of Japan. He asked why these stories have become so significant, yet very few

Detecting Bias Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Detecting Bias - Assignment Example en by Catherine Porter and titled as â€Å"Lessons of the Montreal Massacre: Why women must fight to be what they want† for bias and the level of bias presented in her publication. The title is the first element of an article that attracts the reader and motivates him to read or believe that which way the article is inclined towards. The title of this article clearly indicates that it is in favor of women who are biased or facing difficulties in being what they want. However, the article title leaves the reader thinking about the main theme and hence promotes the reading process. Porter uses words which show her own involvement in the issue. She uses the words like ‘we’ and ‘us’ to convey the message of togetherness and mutuality of opinions. Porter uses certain words which clearly state her biased views and even expose her targeted audience through this article. For instance she writes â€Å"If you are one of those young women†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which clearly indicate that this article is written with a perspective to persuade women readers on her perspective. She uses a persuasive tone to attract the readers and accept her claims. She states â€Å"If you are one of those young women who says you arent a feminist, you havent heard this story.† This claim, on one hand, challenges the thoughts of women who say they are not feminist and emphasizes on the importance of her stated story on the other. The facts exposed in this article are of course of immense importance. Like the reference to particular incidents and facts help in developing her claim. For instance the reference to the incident which she adds in her article as â€Å"In 20 minutes, he shot or stabbed 27 people, mostly women, before shooting himself. Fourteen of his victims died.† This claim does not only put the women at a disadvantageous position because of discrimination or bias from the opposite gender but also explains the level of discrimination and bias by stating that â€Å"All of them were women†. Her

Punishment vs Discipline Essay Example for Free

Punishment vs Discipline Essay Ashlee Johnson 04/29/10 Punishment vs. Discipline HFS 4213 Children cannot possibly benefit from discipline in the form of punishment. Simply put, punishment is disrespectful treatment of a child that will result short- term cooperation but further behavior problems long-term. No child should have to endure such negative modification methods intended to humiliate them with a goal of teaching appropriate behavior. Sadly, however, some adults think they are doing what is best for the child. But what can a child possibly learn from hearing a parent say, If you hit your brother one more time, Im gonna spank you! The child interprets that message as if I hit him, then youre going to hit me. There is no valuable lesson being taught in such a situation. Thankfully, organizations such as NAEYC have set forth guidelines for appropriate teaching techniques for parents and educators to utilize at home and in classrooms. By taking the initiative to research alternatives to punishment, one would see the egative impact this has on children. Anger, aggression, damaged self-esteem, fear, hostility, resentment, and deceitfulness are Just a few of the ways children respond to the emotional, physical, and verbally abusive means of punishment they may experience in an environment of uninformed adults. Even though it may be unintentional, the results can be devastating. There are many ways that discipline can be positive and actually help children learn. Effective child guidance approaches will instill in a child a way of controlling their own behavior. Children should have the power to make choices, and then they will learn from the consequences of their actions. They have a right to be respected and need to learn how to handle their emotions. It is our duty as early childhood educators and parents to allow young children an opportunity to gain knowledge and understanding from the experiences we offer them in safe, nurturing environments.

Information About The Relative Worth Of An Employee Commerce Essay

Information About The Relative Worth Of An Employee Commerce Essay Performance appraisal is the process of obtaining, analyzing and recording information about the relative worth of an employee. The focus of the performance appraisal is measuring and improving the actual performance of the employee and also the future potential of the employee. Its aim is to measure what an employee does. According to Flippo, a prominent personality in the field of Human resources, performance appraisal is the systematic, periodic and an impartial rating of an employees excellence in the matters pertaining to his present job and his potential for a better job. Performance appraisal is a systematic way of reviewing and assessing the performance of an employee during a given period of time and planning for his future Objectives Of Performance appraisal: To review the performance of the employees over a given period of time. To judge the gap between the actual and the desired performance. To help the management in exercising organizational control. Helps to strengthen the relationship and communication between superior subordinates and management employees. To diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of the individuals so as to identify the training and development needs of the future. To provide feedback to the employees regarding their past performance. Provide information to assist in the other personal decisions in the organization. Provide clarity of the expectations and responsibilities of the functions to be performed by the employees. To judge the effectiveness of the other human resource functions of the organization such as recruitment, selection, training and development. To reduce the grievances of the employees. Performance appraisal of employee is important in managing the human resource of an organization. With the change towards knowledge-based capitalism, maintaining talented knowledge workers is critical. However, management classification of outstanding, poor and average performance may not be an easy decision. Besides that, superior might also tend to judge the work performance of their subordinates informally and arbitrarily especially without the existence of a system of appraisal. Performance appraisal of candidates in relation to a particular position, is a key task towards managing the human resources of an organization. Supervisors are concerned with performance appraisal judgments and evaluations that they have to make on their subordinates. On the other hand, subordinates are increasingly realizing the importance of performance appraisal since it would very much affect their rewards and future career path. As the world began to shift towards knowledge based capitalism, it reminds all organizations on the importance of maintaining their talented knowledge workers. Performance appraisal is usually conducted periodically within an organization to examine and discuss the work performance of subordinate so as to identify the strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities for improvement among employees. Following this, most of the employers use the performance appraisal result to determine if a particular staff should be terminated or reinforced; as an employee development and coaching tool; to give a practical evaluation of an employees readiness for promotion; and to serve as the foundation for giving merit bonus. Some companies do not havea formal appraisal system and as a result the company gets infected with certain drawbacks like under motivated and under committed workers. In a recent Human Resources Forum poll, 16 percent of the people responding have no performance appraisal system at all. Supervisory opinions, provided once a year, are the only appraisal process for 56 percent of respondents. Another 16 percent described their appraisals as based solely on supervisor opinions, but administered more than once a year. The improvement of performance appraisal systems is a matter of sharing a social definition of performance appraisal that is congruent with the original intent decided by the organisation. The management development professional can aid the process by being educated about appraisal systems, analysing the potential benefits to the organisation, and accepting that all appraisers need training. To help performance appraisal reach its fullest potential, management development professionals need to be political strategists, appraisal system experts, trainers, salespeople and catalysts, in combination. An organization comes across various problems and challenges Of Performance Appraisalin order to make a performance appraisal system effective and successful. The main Performance Appraisal challenges involved in the performance appraisal processare: Identification of the appraisal criteria is one of the biggest problems faced by the top management. The performance data to be considered for evaluation should be carefully selected. For the purpose of evaluation, the criteria selected should be in quantifiable or measurable terms Top management should choose the raters or the evaluators carefully. They should have the required expertise and the knowledge to decide the criteria accurately. They should have the experience and the necessary training to carry out the appraisal process objectively. Many errors based on the personal bias like stereotyping, halo effect (i.e. one trait influencing the evaluators rating for all other traits) etc. may creep in the appraisal process. Therefore the rater should exercise objectivity and fairness in evaluating and rating the performance of the employees. The appraisal process may face resistance from the employees and the trade unions for the fear of negative ratings. Therefore, the employees should be communicated and clearly explained the purpose as well the process of appraisal. The standards should be clearly communicated and every employee should be made aware that what exactly is expected from him/her.    The appraisal process might also be influenced by the following factors relating to the forms that are used by raters: The rating scale may be quite vague and unclear The rating form may ignore important aspects of job performance. The rating form may contain additional, irrelevant performance dimensions. The forms may be too long and complex. The raters may not be adequately trained to carry out performance management activities. This becomes a serious limitation when the technical competence of a ratee is going to be evaluated by a rater who has limited functional specialization in that area. The raters may not have sufficient time to carry out appraisals systematically and conduct thorough feedback sessions. Sometimes the raters may not be competent to do the evaluations owing to a poor self-image and lack of self-confidence. They may also get confused when the objectives of appraisal are somewhat vague and unclear. If the sincere appraisal effort put in by a rater is not suitably rewarded, the motivation to do the job thoroughly finishes off. Sometimes, low ratings given by raters are viewed negatively by management as a sign of failure on the part of rater or as an indication of employee discontent. So, most employees receive satisfactory ratings, despite poor performance. Normally, the raters immediate supervisor must approve the ratings. However, in actual practice, this does not happen. As a result the rater goes off the hook and causes considerable damage to the rating process. If the rater dislikes any employee, he may rate them at the lower end and this may distort the rating purpose and affect the career of these employees. A person outstanding in one area tends to receive outstanding or better than average ratings in other areas as well, even when such a rating is undeserved. To minimizing the halo effect, you should appraise all the employees by one trait before going to rate on the basis of another trait. In general, raters remember the recent appraisal of the employee and they usually follow appraisal results last time. Some of the biases all managers should refrain from while conducting the performance evaluation are as follows:- (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First impressions (primacy effect): The appraisers first impressions of a candidate may color his evaluation of all subsequent behavior. In the case of negative primacy effect, the employee may seem to do nothing right; in the case of a positive primacy effect, the employee can do no wrong (Harris, p.192). (ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Halo: The Halo error occurs when one aspect of the subordinates performance affects the raters evaluation of other performance dimensions. If a worker has few absences, his supervisor might give the worker a high rating in all other areas of work. Similarly an employee might be rated high on performance simply because he had a good dress sense and comes to office punctually!. (iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Horn effect: The raters bias is in the other direction, where one negative quality of the employee is being rated harshly. For example, the ratee does not smile normally, so he cannot get along with people! (iv)  Ã‚   Leniency: Depending on raters own mental make-up at the time of appraisal, raters may be rated very strictly or very leniently. Appraisers generally find evaluating others difficult, especially where negative ratings have to be given. A professor might hesitate to fail a candidate when all other students have cleared the examination. The Leniency error can render an appraisal system ineffective. If everyone is to be rated high, the system has not done anything to differentiate among employees. (v)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Central tendency: An alternative to the leniency effect is the central tendency, which occurs when appraisers rate all employees as average performers. For example, a professor, with a view to play it safe, might give a class  grades nearly equal to B, regardless of the differences in individual performance. (vi)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stereotyping: Stereotyping is a mental picture that an individual holds about a person because of that persons sex, age, religion, caste, etc. By generalizing behavior on the basis of such blurred images, the rater grossly overestimates or underestimates a persons performance. For example, employees from rural areas might be rated poorly by raters having a sophisticated urban background if they view rural background negatively. (vii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recency effect: In this case the rater gives greater weightage to recent occurrences than earlier performance. For example, an excellent performance that may be six or seven months old is conveniently forgotten while giving a poor rating to an employees performance which is not so good in recent weeks. Alternatively, the appraisal process may suffer due to a spill over effect which takes place when past performance influences present ratings. In conclusion I would state that performance appraisals are important to any organization. The procedure should be carried out effectively. The reward and point system for human capital is vital for the employee development and also for the organization to reach its corporate goals. Some of the topics discussed aboce should be avoided and the above written issues should be catered to while a manager conducts a performance appraisal system within the organization.

Othello: Is its Enduring Universality Explainable Essay example -- Oth

Othello: Is its Enduring Universality Explainable?  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shakespearean drama Othello is recognized by literary critics, with few exceptions, as having a universal appeal. What are the reasons for this universality?    The universality of the play perhaps depends on the universal appeal of its main characters, for example Iago the antagonist. In the essay â€Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello† Robert B. Heilman explains the universality of the antagonist:    As the spiritual have-not, Iago is universal, that is, many things at once, and of many times at once. He is our contemporary, and the special instances of his temper and style – as distinct from the Iagoism to which all men are liable – will be clear to whoever is alert to Shakespeare’s abundant formulations. Seen in limited and stereotyped form, he is the villain of all melodrama. He is Elizabethan – as Envy or Machiavel. And to go further back still, we see in how many parts of Dante’s Inferno he might appear. He could be placed among the angry and violent. But his truer place is down among those who act in fraud and malice – the lowest category of sinner who on earth had least of spiritual substance and relied most on wit. (342)    To the modern audience the play’s biggest shortcoming may be the inability of the audience to relate to the protagonist. In the volume Shakespeare and Tragedy John Bayley explains why the modern audience has difficulty identifying with the protagonist in this play:    Othello’s need to kill Cassio and Desdemona belongs only to him; not only because we know it to be deluded, but because the nature and extent of the delusion is such that we cannot imagine ourselves becoming involved in it. We cannot ju... ... Heilman, Robert B. â€Å"The Role We Give Shakespeare.† Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.    -- -- --.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello.† Shakespeare: Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. Rev. Ed. Rpt. from The Sewanee Review, LXIV, 1 (Winter 1956), 1-4, 8-10; and Arizona Quarterly (Spring 1956), pp.5-16.       Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.   

Responsibility :: essays research papers

Responsibilities are more important than Rights Everyone has rights and responsibilities. Rights are things that people are aloud to do. Responsibilities are things that people are expected to do. In this essay, I will be telling you some facts why responsibilities are more important in the society of Waknuk. The first point is David's father; Joseph Storm hates offences and blasphemies because of his religion. Next is Old Jacob thinks that rules should be changed in Waknuk because he wants it to be like when his father was around. Lastly Alan Ervin detects the thoughts and shapes group and that Sophie has a sixth toe. The people in Waknuk believe in responsibilities over rights. David's father, Joseph Storm, hates offences and blasphemies because of how he was brought up by his parents. David is talking about the people in his family. He is talking about his father and particularly about his strong religious beliefs. He said that offences are animals or plants that are deformed. His father hates offences and he kills them in a disgusting way because of his religion. David was explaining the process of how his father dealt with offences. "That was because an occurrence of an offence was sometimes an impressive occasion. Usually the first occasion that one happened was that my father came into the house in a bad temper. Then in the evening he would call us all together including everyone who worked on the farm. We would all kneel while he proclaimed our repentance and led prayers for forgiveness. The next morning we would be up for daylight and gather in the yard. As the sun rose we sang a hymn while my father ceremonially slaughtered the two headed calf, four legged chicken or whatever kind of offence it happened to be. Sometimes it would be much queerer than those†¦" (The Chrysalids Pg. 18) David's father thinks that it is a responsibility to kill any offences. He does this because that is what his religion has taught him to do and based on how he was raised by his parents. He therefore, has these feelings and does not know of any other way of thinking. At the same time he mentions that a blasphemy is a deformed human. His father hates blasphemies because they are similar to an offence; they are not animals or plants, but humans instead. "And if it happens among people it was a blasphemy.

Black Women in Art Essay -- essays research papers fc

Black Women in Art Historically and currently African American women use art as a way to express themselves, their emotions and as an act of resistance. In this paper, I will discuss the various ways two very influential artists, Laurie Cooper and Lorna Simpson, use imagery to uncover and forefront the various forms of oppression that affect their lives as African American women. Since the late 1970s, African American art, as a form of self expression, explores issues which concern African peoples worldwide. During this time period, African American artists use symbols which represent the struggles, despair, hopes and dreams of a people striving to debunk prominent stereotypes and dismantle the intersecting oppressions of race, class and gender. Despite the long history of African American art, many black artists in contemporary society still have a difficult time getting their art viewed or accepted by the masses. Society, in general, tends to look at African art as ethnic, trivial, simple, folk art, perhaps even collectable, but not worthy of true in-depth exploration of fine art accreditation. However, Laurie Cooper and Lorna Simpson disrupt these perceptions in their art. Lorna Simpson, a photographer, was born in New York during the sixties. Still residing there today, she remains active in the art world. Simpson brings much attention to a cause near and dear to her, the â€Å"situation of black women in society.† The ambiguity in her photographs allows the viewer to evaluate the meaning of her work and to draw their own conclusion with her spirit in mind. An excellent example of this is in her piece Counting(1991). The Albright-Knox Art Gallery helps interpret the piece: Lorna Simpson’s work, Counting, contains three images: a fragment of a woman’s body, a small brick hut, and a group of braids. The figure is anonymous and wears a white shift, Simpson’s preferred costume for her models. She likes the simplicity; she believes that it indicates what she terms "femaleness," without bringing up issues of fashion; and she also likes the fact that there are many possible interpretations for such an outfit. The times to the right of the figure might indicate work shifts, but the schedules are unrealistic if considered closely. Other possibilities for what they might mean are open to viewer interpretation. The central image shows a smoke house in Sout... ...e, the work is not answer oriented. It’s intentionally left open-ended. There’s not a resolution that just solves everything. This statement leaves the viewer free to form their own conclusion and remain open to various interpretations. Lorna Simpson and Laurie Cooper help to change the world for the better by addressing confrontational, silenced issues by opening the eyes of the world to all of the â€Å"isms† that plague society and gives us hope for the future. Both women subvert traditional imagery, physically and psychologically in prominent historic and current representations of African American’s historically and currently in American society. This subversion allows their artwork to escape the marginalization of African American art as seemingly â€Å"ethnic folk art† and exposes their works as tools for social progression. Bibliography 1. 2. 3. 4. Jorge Arango. â€Å"At Home with Lorna Simpson.† Essence Magazine, 2002, p.172 5. Audre Lorde. â€Å"Beyond the Margins† Words of Fire, The New Press, 1995, p.287

Fahrenheit

Our culture should not have censored material. I think that if you have censored material it is hiding away part of the real world. Keeping controversial and upsetting material away from the public eye promotes ignorance and stupidity, but I feel that sometimes there should be limitations for the comfort of others. Overall, people should become more open minded and except the fact that they are going to see or hear things they do not want to. I think if you do not like something, then do not do anything that has to do with it.In Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury he shows that censoring material causes people to become lazy and not think. Around the beginning of part 2 Faber says, â€Å"Do you know why books such as this are so important? Because they have quality. And what does the word quality mean? To me it means texture. This book has pores† (Bradbury 88). I think this is an example of how people become ignorant. When Faber is saying the book has pores, I think he saying since it has pores it makes you really think about what it is saying.If people cannot read the books and just live in their own little world they will not be able to actually think about the meaning of things. Reading books make people think, why? When the firemen are burning all these books in the society, the people will not be able to think or gain knowledge. They will all have the same intelligence they did when they were 10. This is not the only example Bradbury shows. In the story, Mildred has a room with a 3 wall television. She is always in there and her family is her family in the television.She is always watching it that she thinks it is reality. I think that her watching television all the time that is has affected her memory. For example, when Montag walks in the bedroom he feels, â€Å"Complete darkness, not a hint of the silver world outside†¦ a chamber a tomb world where no sound from the great city could penetrate† (Bradbury 15). His wife is so sucked into thi s room that one time Mildred had kept taking her pills forgetting that she took one. Her brain has been drained by the television. She has not thought about anything else which caused her to have short term memory.All she did was watch television and you do not have to think when you are watching television. In the You Have Insulted Me letter Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. wrote, â€Å"You should also resolve to expose your children to all sorts of opinions and information, in order that they will be better equipped to make decisions and to survive† (192). I agree with what he is saying. If there is hidden information from your children and they go out into the world, it would be hard for them to face a problem or challenge they have.For example, if these parents had a child and home schooled her her whole life, it would be difficult for her to go out and be social with her peers. Also, if she had a problem with someone, she would not know what to do. I think this is just like hiding boo ks from people. If you hide important information from people it causes them to be less open minded. In conclusion, I think that censoring material causes ignorance and stupidity for someone. If you do not want to see or hear something, then do not. Let the other person do what they want and just avoid them.There is no reason to get offended if someone likes to do something or read something that you do not. I think if people were more open minded and less hypocritical I think we would not have this problem today. If you want to do what you want, another person should be able to also, but people nowadays do not think well because they are too into their video games or television and their brains just get drained out. I believe if more of the population actually tried to understand the meaning of things, we would all be less ignorant and stupid.

Sociological Perspective on Religion

â€Å"Sociological Perspectives on Religion† During this semester I have learned that in essence, â€Å"free will† does not gear our decision making process, it is primarily society that influences all thoughts and behaviors in turn, impacting all aspects of our life. The evolutionary socialization process initiates at the moment of conception, in our mother’s womb, through childhood, carries on during adulthood and ends in our graves. The most important and influential agent of socialization is the family. On a global perspective, the primary teachers, our parents, educate us on language, beliefs, physical control, values and civilized behavior for public conduct. The greatest belief instilled is that of divinity and forming part of a religion. According to the Sociology text book, Religion is defined as a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred. Ethically, it encompasses what we define to be good or bad. In this paper I will further examine religion on a global perspective from previously conducted social research and just how important a role it plays in our lives. Religion has been used to celebrate life at birth, adulthood, mourning of death and politics. According to Emile Durkheim (1965, orig. 1915) in his structural –functional approach, society on its own, beyond the life of any individual, has life and power. When practicing religion the power of this society is celebrated. He found that within this society people seek to find social cohesion, social control, meaning and purpose. Symbols, values and norms are what shape a religion. Since â€Å"God† is considered to be the divine and symbol of perfection, religious fanatics fear his judgment. In the United States about 85% of adults identify themselves with some type of religion. â€Å"God Bless America,† is widely used by politicians to address our people and demonstrate they believe the higher power is not them but, God. That they cannot lead without the blessing of God. In the past 2008 election many questioned Barack Obama’s faith because his father was born Muslim and then became atheist while, his mother was never genuinely active in a religious organization. Therefore, Obama was raised to be skeptic about religion and showed no true inclination, causing a lot of criticism during the campaign. People want to follow who shares the same values as themselves. Saying a simple phrase as â€Å"God Bless America† convinces them that their political leaders’ views and ruling will be geared under what religion overseas as ethically correct. When I say ethically right, the geographical location of religion must be taken into consideration because social conflict tends to arise due to the fact that all religions don’t support or share the same ideas. For example, in the Middle East there are claims that God is behind the actions we in the United States consider to be evil such as, the terrorist attack of 9/11. This is one of the differences in religion that affected our society in the U. S. and has provoked violence and war. Violence within the United States towards people that appeared of Middle Eastern decent and declared war against â€Å"terror† in the middle east. Religion shapes society and is considered to be socially constructed. With divine being the inspiration, people differentiate the ordinary and extraordinary with in rituals such as, holidays and prayer. In theory, religion plays a major role in behavior, marriage, union and social inequality. For example, marriages through religion have lower divorce rates than those arranged outside of religion. Couples are planning a divorce before getting married by making prenuptial arrangements. Although, love may very well be present in these marriages, they are still thinking about themselves individually and protecting against later implications. I was in a relationship for six years and within those years we conceived to the two precious, Xavier and Joshua. If I would’ve been married through religion, the possibilities of my being a single parent today would be close to none. Religion gives marriage a greater value rather than the usual base of love. At one point we attempted to seek counseling and received a referral to a pastor who geared the entire session on compliance with divinity, plan of marriage and unity of family under his religion. In NRSV Corinthians 13;4-8, 13, Paul described the meaning of true love as follows: â€Å"Love is patient; love is kind; love is not envious or boastful or arrogant or rude. It does not insist on its own way; it is not irritable or resentful; it does not rejoice in wrongdoing, but rejoices in the truth. It bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things. Love never ends. But as for prophecies, they will come to an end; as for tongues, they will cease; as for knowledge, it will come to an end†¦ And now faith, hope and love abide, these three; and the greatest of these is love. (NSRV, 1 Corinthians 13:4-8, 13) If we were to follow this definition of love, we wouldn’t be projecting our fears as individuals instead building a base for both as a whole. In this instance, my relationship would still be present as many others. Based on this and Emile Durkheim’s sociological findings religion focuses on uniting societies. â€Å"You see that a person is justified by what he does and not by faith alone. †(James 2:24) Surprisingly, another social conflict within religion is due to inequality. Social order as Karl Marx points is justified by religion. He addresses capitalism as the old saying â€Å"rich get richer and poor get poorer. † Especially, in today’s economy we find the unemployment rate rising at a fast pace resulting in homeless and hungry people. Racism also went hand in hand with religion in social inequality since the nineteenth century due to ethnocentrism. It was generally believed the white dominated over people of color. They were to be kept genuine and not integrate other races even within religion, employment and their entire society. In this belief was also the premonition that God was in accordance with white superiority, or at least this was the excuse, causing the creation of â€Å"internal colonialism. † â€Å"Therefore, my brothers, be all the more eager to make your calling and election sure. For if you do these things, you will never fall, and you will receive a rich welcome into the eternal kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. †(2 Peter 1:10-11) Whites remained together, keeping all other races inferior and living in poverty. On the other hand during nineteenth century many religious groups worked against inequality and stood up for the abolishment of slavery during the civil rights movement. As stated in the Sociology text book Male Orthodox Jews say the following prayer everyday: â€Å"Blessed art thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, that I was not born a gentile. Blessed art thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, that I was not born a slave. Blessed art thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, that I was not born a woman. Another form of inequality within religion is through gender. Subordination of women has come along throughout history in modern today. Although, we have come a long way inequality still exists. For example, in poor countries such as Africa and Southern Asia polygamy is practiced where it is legal for men to marry more than two women. Also, in Tibet a form of polygamy named polyandry is a lso practiced where two men can share one woman. In other areas there are still ideas that keep woman from jobs. These women go about their lives marrying, having many children and live in poverty. A man†¦is the image and glory of God; but woman is the glory man. For man was not made from woman, but woman from man. Neither was man created for woman, but woman for man. † (1 Corinthians 11:7-9) â€Å"As in all the churches of the saints, the women should keep silence in the churches. For they are not permitted to speak, but should be subordinate, as even the law says. If there is anything they desire to know, let them ask their husbands at home. For it is shameful for a woman to speak in church. † (1 Corinthians 14:33-35) â€Å"Wives, be subject to your husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church†¦. As the church is subject to Christ, so let wives also be subject in everything to their husbands. † (Ephesians 5:22-24) From a Christian point of view women were sought to be a source of temptation due to the fact that Eve was to blame for Adam’s fall, it was because of her that evil came about into the world. On the other hand once again religious groups sought to fight for equality by supporting feminism and gay rights during the 1960s and 1970s. Religion has caused great social change. In time of need or illness everyone seeks for enlightenment within religion. Max Weber and his colleague Ernst Troeltsch studied precisely Calvinism, a protestant reformation movement. Calvinists believe some are selected by God to be saved and others to be damned. They then looked for signs of divine blessing and worked very hard to acquire great wealth. With this wealth they would reinvest profits resulting in the fulfillment of their calling. This Weber and Troeltsch found as the cause in rise of industrial capitalism. The poor were considered rejects of God. Throughout history Christianity has reached out to people suffering in promise of a better life in faith. Liberating people from oppression, poverty and promotion of greater equality is their purpose. Ironically in most recent years there have been a rising number of cases reported on sexual abuse by Christian priests. The Christian church claims problems arise in our society due to the ignorance in God. Families seek refuge and divinity within their churches and find the cruel reality that evil exists there. Many changes are going about with regards to religion. People are adopting other religious organizations rather than the one’s instilled from childhood. Also, as technology continues to advance secularization arise. Secularization is the decline in importance and value of the sacred and supernatural. In times of despair we now seek answers and depend on physicians. As we see change in religion we find it more questionable. Now spiritual seekers in the â€Å"New Age† movement, look into conventional religious organizations. Modernization has taken on a new twist in religion and the way we view it. With is the desire to continue conserving our real identity is rarely exactly maintained. In the following passage William Ernest Henley writes about extreme individualism and how capable we are to determine our lives: â€Å"Out of the night that covers me, Black as the Pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul. In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeoning of chance My head is bloody, but unbowed. Beyond this place of wrath and tears Looms but the Horror of the shade, And yet the menace of the years Finds, and shall find, me unafraid. It matters not how strait the gate, How charged with punishments the scroll, I am the master of my fate; I am the captain of my soul. † Today we live in a world where terrorism, wars, death and torture of innocent are to no surprise. Every day you turn on the news there are children missing, parents killing and mistreating each other and their family. In this society everyone is running at a fast pace with a cold heart, committing selfish acts of corruption, leading abusive relationships, violence, hatred, sexual perversion, etc.. Humans are part of this society and continue responding to and redirecting their social interaction and context. The sad part of it all is that society has created all this and that religion has played a major role in directing everyone’s sense of self. Works Cited Society. J. Macionis, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 10th edition, 2009. Exploring Religious Meaning. Robert C. Monk. Walter C. Hofheinz. Kenneth T. Lawrence. Joseph D. Stamey. Bert Affleck. Tetsunao Yamamori, Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice-Hall, 6th edition, 2003 â€Å"Sociology of religion. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 7 Nov 2009, 23:59 UTC. 18 Nov 2009 . William Ernest Hensley, â€Å"Invictus,†Poems( New York: Scribner, 1919), p. 119 â€Å"Sociological Perspectives on Religion†

After Apple-picking by Robert Frost Essay

The â€Å"apple†: In this poem, Robert Frost uses the symbol of picking apples to represent the speaker’s hard work and decisions throughout his life. In the Bible, the apple symbolizes knowledge; this analogy reinforces the knowledge gained from the speaker’s life experiences. â€Å"My long two-pointed ladder’s sticking through a tree/Toward heaven still† emphasizes that the act of picking apples can be interpreted as something related to religion. In the book of Genesis in the Bible, Eve was tempted by a snake to eat the forbidden fruit of the apple because the snake convinced her that eating it would make her more knowledgeable than God. This story can be related to the poem because when Eve eats the apple, she can go up the â€Å"ladder to heaven† because she is â€Å"omniscient† enough to do so. A freshly picked apple could also symbolize opportunities in one’s life. In the poem, the speaker does not successfully pick all the apples, this shows that there were a lot of opportunities in his life that he never accomplished. â€Å"Apples I didn’t pick upon some bough/But I am done with apple-picking now† show that the speaker is quick to give up on the opportunities he was offered during his life. The imagery of the thousands of apples that struck the earth and became bruised also means that the speaker has wasted a lot of opportunities in his life. â€Å"Winter† Frost also uses â€Å"winter† to symbolize a long resting period or death. Towards the end of the poem, the speaker contemplates whether death is merely the state of hibernation, meaning that there is life after death or just â€Å"human sleep† where the speaker is able to wake up the next day only to find that he has to continue living his old life. In line 12: â€Å"And held against the world of hoary grass†; the word â€Å"hoary† means frosty, the poet has chosen this specific word in order to show the speaker’s pessimistic view about the world and reiterate the speaker’s contemplations about death. > Structure: The poem is not structured into any stanzas because the whole poem is one stanza. It contains forty-two lines but only fourteen sentences. If the sentences were highlighted, it would look like the steps of the ladder mentioned in the second line of the poem. These â€Å"steps† emphasize the speaker’s longing to die in order to go to heaven. The poem has multifarious end-rhymes, but it doesn’t have a regular pattern. â€Å"I was well/Upon my way to sleep before it fell/And I could tell† is an example of some end-rhymes that allows readers to vicariously imagine an image where the speaker is drowsing off with his head slowly going down and up again. The rhyme words â€Å"well†, â€Å"fell†, and â€Å"tell† emphasizes deep sleep. There were also some assonance present in the poem: â€Å"Stem end and blossom end,† and â€Å"Magnified apples appear and reappear†. These assonances were also used to provide readers with a drowsy feeling. The number of syllables of each line of the poem varies from two to eleven syllables. The longer lines of the poem add to the sleepy mood of the poem but the short and abrupt lines create a sense of hesitation and the sudden awake of the speaker from his sleep. For example: â€Å"Cherish in hand, lift down, and not let fall† shows the speaker’s dreaming state of mind while â€Å"For all† emphasizes a sudden alarm for the speaker. > Tone: The overall tone of the poem is pessimistic because the speaker is upset with his failures in life and is just passively waiting for his ‘long sleep’ or death. This can be seen when the speaker was picking apples and gives up when he was unable to successfully pick all the apples. â€Å"Apples I didn’t pick upon some bough. But I am done with apple-picking now† shows that the speaker gives up his opportunities in life so easily by simply saying he’s done with â€Å"apple-picking†. Towards the end of the poem, he sarcastically says: â€Å"Long sleep, as I describe its coming on/Or just some human sleep†. By adding â€Å"or just some† in front of â€Å"human sleep†, the speaker hints to the reader that he is sick and tired of having to wake up from his sleep to find that he has to run the same old, monotonous life that has no meaning. The speaker wants to be like the woodchuck that is able to hibernate during winter and is able to start a new life after it wakes up from hibernation. The speaker wants to have a new life and not the current one he’s leading. > Repetition: The word sleep is repeated six times in the poem, to strengthen and reiterate the speaker’s feelings of drowsiness. The word â€Å"sleep† gives the strongest effect at lines 35-40. There is a rhyme between the word â€Å"Heap† in line 35 and the word â€Å"sleep† in line 38†³. Another â€Å"Sleep† is repeated in the same line: â€Å"This sleep of mine, whatever sleep it is.† The last the lines of the poem: â€Å"Long sleep, as I describe its coming on/Or just some human sleep† nicely ends the poem with a sleepy tone. This ambiguous line leaves readers uncertain whether the speaker is indeed just having some â€Å"human sleep† or has already entered his â€Å"long sleep†. â€Å"Long sleep† as mentioned above, was an euphemism for death. Frost juxtaposed the words â€Å"long sleep† and â€Å"human sleep† in order to contrast the fact that â€Å"long sleep† implies ‘life after death’ and â€Å"human sleep† implies ‘boring and old life†. The speaker is being a little sarcastic because he doesn’t even care whether he is going to die or not. He says he might go for a â€Å"long sleep† or just a normal â€Å"human sleep†. The poet raises a question to readers about whether humans know what happens after they die. Humans cannot know what comes after death; it is only through their faith in a religion that can give them a sense of where they are going after death.

Baby Satisfaction

From the point of conception to the time of birth, the life of the baby and that of its mother is held by the medical and nursing practitioners to be very sacrosanct so that it is expedient that these be closely medically monitored. This is because, failure to implement close follow ups on prenatal, natal and antenatal care has claimed many lives of unborn and new born children, as well as that of the mothers. It is against this backdrop that Baby Satisfaction programs have been introduced with an emphasis being placed on the well being of the baby, right from birth to the stage whereby it develops into a toddler.In most cases, these institutions have retracted their child medical programs to include the conception stage also. Hospitals that are centered towards Baby Satisfaction are primarily geared towards making sure that the health, emotional and physical welfare are all catered for in an adequate manner. This paper tackles the concept and practice of Baby Satisfaction. Introduct ion Baby Satisfaction is a child medical services program that seeks to ensure that the new born has emotional conditions, physical settings and a healthy environment surrounding it.However, modern day trends have made comprehensive measures so as to ensure that even the prenatal care and conditions of the baby are also looked at altogether. Baby Satisfaction type of care ensures that there are no cases of child theft, mishandling or neglect. At the same time, the measure to detect the slightest health related anomaly is also carried out so as to ward off any danger by medical intervention. It shall therefore be seen how Baby Satisfaction improves the quality and longevity of the new born’s life.Conclusion It is therefore important to note that the ameliorations that have come up in the new born child medical healthcare due to the adoption of Baby Satisfaction are too magnanimous to be ignored. It is thus important that the US government ensures that the program realizes enou gh funding for the efficient running of Baby Satisfaction. The gain that the government will have accrued is that it will have extirpated infant mortality rates. Article Summaries Article 1 Christiaens, W. , Gouwy, A., and Bracke, P. (2007). Home and Hospital Satisfaction on Childbirth. A cross-national comparison. Ghent: Ghent University Press. http://www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov/articlerender. fcgi? artid=1939703 The importance of this journal is that it spells out the roles that are to be played by nurses in ensuring the physical and health safety of the new born child. This means that the journal is very resourceful in acquainting the nurse with the roles and duties that she is to play towards the well being of the child.The dispensation of the information that is provided by Christiaens Gouwy and Bracke is therefore also instrumental in abating cases of disputes touching on the dereliction of duties on the side of the nurse. The gravity of such like cases has seen the disappear ance or the death of a new born in hospitals and other health care institutions. Article 2 Johnson, K. (2005). Baby Satisfaction: Professional Roles of Midwives. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada. http://www. bmj. com/cgi/content/full/330/7505/1416? etocThe uniqueness of this journal is based on the fact that it does delve into the â€Å"how†, as far as the provision of the New Baby Satisfaction is concerned. The illustrious and simplified means by which the service are to be followed come in handy, as even the apprentice in nursing and midwifery can even follow them step by step to the latter. The book is also important to the healthcare institutions that provide Baby Satisfaction since it delves on the need and the means of creating felicity conditions for the Baby Satisfaction services to be said to exist and fully operational.Article 3 Kristen, C. (2007). A new Generation of Nurses: An Emergency Nursing Journal. Branford: Branford Press. Vol 30. Issue no. 3. 206-211. http://linkinghub. elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S0099176704001746 Kristen in this journal provides very instrumental information of matters that touch on Baby Satisfaction and Safety. Very pivotal matters such as hygiene, the protocol that is to be observed, the rights of the mother and the child versus that of the nurse and other medical practitioners, are discussed to a reasonable length.All these information is important since Kristen wrote this journal with an overall intention of warding off cases of infant mortality, still births, loss of new born children in hospitals, overstepping of another officer’s mandate, and pertinent legal issues that may spring out of all these topics that have been discussed. This is why the journal is important to this study. References Christiaens, W. , Gouwy, A. , and Bracke, P. (2007). Home and Hospital Satisfaction on Childbirth.A cross-national comparison. Ghent: Ghent University Press. http://www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov/articlerender. fcgi? artid=1939703 Johnson, K. (2005). Baby Satisfaction: Professional Roles of Midwives. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada. http://www. bmj. com/cgi/content/full/330/7505/1416? etoc Kristen, C. (2007). A new Generation of Nurses: An Emergency Nursing Journal. Branford: Branford Press. Vol 30. Issue no. 3. 206-211. http://linkinghub. elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S0099176704001746

Psychology paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology paper - Essay Example One of the first similarities between what took place at the prison outside of Baghdad and what unraveled at the makeshift prison at Stanford is that the people portraying the guards had no previous experience in those roles. The United States soldiers only had experience as soldiers, but they still enforced their authoritative roles on their prisoners, much like the guards in the prison experiment. These roleplaying guards also did not have experience, though that did not stop them from making it known who had the greater power. In both cases, the soldiers and the pseudo-guards conformed to the roles of real prison guards the more that they exercised their power over the prisoners, doing what they could to dehumanize them. The guards and the prisoners alike had no choice but to accept these roles, even though the guards soon began to abuse their power. The abuse itself was similar in nature and in intensity. The purposes behind the abuse in both cases were to degrade and humiliate. The abuse was also used to instill a sense of fear in the prisoners, as well as to make it known who was in charge. The rights and bodies of the prisoners were violated, and they were denied essential aspects of a healthy life, such as food or a healthy environment.

The Biographical Outlines of Hernando De Valencia, Damiana De Cunha, Essay

The Biographical Outlines of Hernando De Valencia, Damiana De Cunha, Enrico Martinez, Micaela Angela Carrillo, Diego Vasicuio and Antonio De Gouveia. Portuguese and Spanish America - Essay Example In the short period following the return of the governor to Portugal in 1783, Damiana De Cunha’s life is a string of uncertain facts. It is speculated that she may have spent some time in the village of Sao Jose de Mossamedes as a â€Å"domestic indian† (Karasch 106). It is still not determined whether De Cunha spent her young adult life in Sao Hose or as an interpreter settled amongst her relatives at Maria Pilera. The population of Sao Jose at this time was dwindling due to disease and desertion and had to be relocated to be joined up with Sao Jose, the population of which had also diminished significantly, for more efficient administration of both villages. Damiana De Cunha had been married at some point and it is claimed, romantically so, that her first husband was a Portuguese soldier. Nothing is known about him, except that he died and left De Cunha widowed. Her second marriage was to a Brazilian and ex-corporal of the militia named Manual Periera da Cruz. Da Cruz may have been a poor mulatto, judging from the racial make-up of the captaincy and of Sao Jose. Damian De Cunha was a central figure in the Sao Hose community. In later years she appears to have become the chief Indian leader of the community overseeing its transition from a missionary outpost to a peasant village. She was a loyal supporter of the church and acted as a mediator between the villagers and the colonial and Brazilian states. Her death struck a tragic blow to the existence of the many villages, which began to disintegrate one after the other. The Villages were under the supervision of an intricate hierarchy of Portuguese servicemen, headed by the Chief Administrator of Vila Boa. The result of this long chain of command and the death of the Great Angrai-oxa was the exploitation of the Caiapo. They were made to work under the supervision of mulatto soldiers and in return were given small rations. Much of the harvested products and the goods gained in exchange for these pr oducts were raked off by officials at each level. Villagers who slacked off were severely punished. Consequently, the Caiapo were unhappy with the hard work and harsh restrictions, such as needing permission to leave their village. The very location of the village added to their frustrations as it was unsuitable for fishing or good hunting. Some of the Caiapo members escaped from the village to return to their cousins in the backlands. As Damiana De Cunha had been raised in a foreign manner and believed in the religion of her foreign masters, she was more concerned in keeping the structure of the village together rather then in leading a Caiapo revolution. Many of the Caiapo had returned to their old ways of violence and plunder. However, De Cunha undertook an expedition to the Sertao to persuade some of the Caiapo to return with her in 1808. She was successful in convincing about seventy of her fellow tribes-men. She was convinced that civilization and Christianity were the only me ans of redemption and salvation for the savage Caiapos who were succumbing to starvation and epidemics. In 1819, the then governor appointed her to undertake another expedition to convince more of the Caiapo to return, and De Cunha embarked on a three month long journey to the Sertao. In 1921, she as dispatched on another expedition

Nursing Care Plan. Risk for Secondary Infection Essay

Nursing Care Plan. Risk for Secondary Infection - Essay Example This has been attributed to the added effects of aging and medications. The client’s nutrition status is below the normal level, compared with his healthy physique when the signs and symptoms of HIV infection and epileptic occurrences had not manifested yet. His serum cholesterol is higher than the normal boundary. No respiratory conditions can be traced from his recent medical check- up. Risk for secondary infection Assessment The patient was lying on his bed, conscious and coherent. However, he was not oriented to time, place, and person. Wounds and excoriations were noted on his lower extremities. No breathing difficulties noted upon examination. Nutrition status was noted below the normal level. Increased cholesterol level was appreciated on laboratory results. His vital signs were recorded as: Temperature: 37.4 ?C, Respiratory rate: 24 cpm, Pulse rate: 92 bpm, Blood Pressure: 130/ 110 mmHg. Nursing Diagnosis Risk for secondary infection related to compromised immune syste m secondary to HIV infection Planning Within this shift, the patient will not be able to develop infection, and would learn ways to prevent it. Intervention and rationale Assess the patient for signs of infection including fever, chills, and diaphoresis; cough; shortness of breath; oral pain or painful swallowing; creamy-white patches in oral cavity; urinary frequency, urgency, or dysuria; redness, swelling, or drainage from wounds; vesicular lesions on face, lips, or perianal area. Any sign of delayed wound healing may give clues that the patient is currently having an infectious process (Black & Hawks, 2005). Assess the patient’s cognition and mental status. In the elderly population, the signs of infection may appear initially as changes in the mental status and consciousness (Burke & Laramie, 2004). Teach patient or caregiver about need to report possible infection. Prompt reporting of infection increases the chances of faster recovery (Smeltzer & Bare, 2006). Do not allo w any fresh flowers in the patient’s room. Fresh flowers carry microorganisms that could cause harm to the immune- compromised people (Burke & Laramie, 2004). Do not allow the patient to eat raw foods, including fruits and vegetables. Raw foods contain considerably increased number of microorganisms that could potentially cause another infection (Smeltzer & Bare, 2006). Monitor for medication interactions, infections, electrolyte imbalance, and depression. Elderly patients may have other pathological conditions that could necessarily affect hydration status and predispose other medication side- effects (Black & Hawks, 2005). Encourage independence but assist if the patient cannot perform an activity. While it can be necessary to assist the patient in completing activities most of the time, providing opportunities of independence could increase his sense of well- being (Smeltzer & Bare, 2006). Monitor food and fluid intake. Nutrition status generally affects the rate of wound healing and recovery from infection (Black & Hawks, 2005). Teach the patient about the importance of hand-washing and appropriate hygienic practices. These activities prevent the incidence of infection (Smeltzer & Bare, 2006). Evaluation At the end of the shift, the client did not develop any signs of secondary infection. In addition, the patient learned of the importance of hand- washing, hygienic practices, eating the right kinds of food, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

Older People, Dementia & Policy in Scotland Essay

Older People, Dementia & Policy in Scotland - Essay Example It is becoming clear from both public debates and academic and policy maker discourse in the UK that many older people (i.e., those over the age of 65 years) much prefer to live their lives within their own homes. With aid from family and friends, an aggregate of the senior community seek to maintain their autonomy, independence and active well being (Audit Commission 5). However, a number of errors have been found in the reporting of expenditure of public care services, and these are attributed to the nature and parameter of service delivery across different areas of the UK. For example, evening and weekend home care in most areas, whilst others are consistently unable to receive night home care. Further, home-care workers trained in mental health were only available in 7 of 58 areas in a national study. Also, many older persons and their informal carers have not received additional support from community care agencies, as do older persons and trained carers within hospitals and nur sing homes. In the future, older people with mental health problems are to receive an equally good response regardless of where they live. This is one of the ways by which government and volunteer agencies seek to develop home-centered care, and to support informal carers and service users (Audit Commission 32). Equality and Diversity A feminist approach to the ethical care within social work for the older person is of recent intense focus in discourse. This school of thought encourages the professional social worker to actively reflect on concepts of social justice, autonomy and human rights, as well as extending investigation in to how aging is understood (Lolyd 1171).

What are the issues facing the WTO in 2006 Essay

What are the issues facing the WTO in 2006 - Essay Example Trade liberalization aimed at the economic development of poorer countries through export growth hangs in the balance, with the United States and European Union poised as spoilers. These are the main issues facing the WTO in 2006. This has arguably been the most critical year in the history of the organization. The founding principles of the WTO – trade liberalization that yields a rising tide that raises all ships; and the fair and timely resolution of trade disputes – hang in the balance as richer countries are reluctant to proffer greater access to their markets in exchange for access to markets that may lack the capacity to fully reciprocate the benefits. In 2006, the question of whether truly free trade between rich and poor countries is even possible, assuming countries act in their self interest, is perhaps more palpable than it has ever been before. As membership in the WTO increases, the effectiveness of the trade body in living up to its founding purposes will become increasingly scrutinized. Nevertheless, the benefits of membership in the organization are clear for both rich and poor countries alike. While lowering trade barriers has been perceived as a greater benefit for poor countries, the ability of wealthier countries to effectively resolve disputes, with real teeth behind the adjudication of trade disagreements, has made membership desirable. The issues that have arisen in 2006 have made clear that the WTO is here to stay. The promise of the WTO for poor countries has been the ability to boost exports for manufactured and agricultural products, which tend to be the main focus of production for less developed countries. Several years after wealthy countries agreed to forge an international trade system in which less developed countries could thrive, little substance has been achieved. â€Å"Rich countries promised 41/2 years ago to make the global trade system fairer for poor countries, changing rules to help them reap the rewards of

Examining Insurance Policies Part 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Examining Insurance Policies Part 3 - Essay Example Airport premises liability coverage is an additional coverage to an aircraft liability insurance policy that covers for bodily injury or property damage that results from the use of airport premises for both the parking and storage of the aircraft. This basically implies that the policy coverage will apply only to your premises (Prather 17). This policy will include any if not all of the following coverage; personal injury, premises and operations liability insurance, contractual and premises medical payment insurance. However, the good thing about this policy is that the policy may be tailored to meet the particular requirements of the insured. Hull and liability coverage will mainly cover the aircraft with all its components which include the engine, the propeller and all the other systems and the permanently attached equipment to the aircraft in addition to the avionics (viation Cases 1945). Under the aircraft liability coverage, claims from risks that ay result to property damage and bodily injury or death by members of the public and passengers. Some of the endorsements that I would recommend is the CGL policy coverage which can be provided to premises liability, products and completed operations. Other additional coverage that will be covered against include personal injury liability, liability incurred in advertising the host liquor liability in addition to hanger keepers coverage in the case of FBO operations (Prather 21). This coverage I believe would suit you best as you have other services like the class room instructions while also conducting aerial tours in his aerial photography side job. Some of the exclusions you should look out for include the ground hanger keepers’ legal liability which will come into play especially when you hire out the aircraft. The cover will provide for liability of damage to the property when the damage occurs as a result of negligence when the property is under the control

Corporate tax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporate tax - Essay Example A corporation is structured in a way that its shareholders and stockholders are not held liable for any debts that the corporation may accrue. This fact protects a corporation’s shareholders from legal action or liability because of the identity of a corporation as a legal entity, for example, if a company defaults or slips into bankruptcy, the debtors will go after the company’s assets in order to recover their debt. If the company’s assets are not enough to cover the debt, legally the debtors cannot go after the directors, officers, or shareholders personal assets in order to recover their debts. This is the primary advantage of a corporation. There are many types of corporations, but in terms of taxation, there are two types of corporations. The two types refer to the special types of tax categories or elections recognized by the internal revenue authority. The two types of corporations are C and S corporations, and they have different advantages and disadvantages, and formulation processes. The formulation process of both types of corporations is similar, and it starts with filing at the state level before proceeding to the IRS. The structures between the two types of corporations are similar, and the two share a number of characteristics such as allowing shareholders, directors, and officers to separate their personal assets from corporation assets. The major difference between the two types of corporations is the taxing system attached to each. The taxation regime applied on S corporations sets many restrictions to the shareholders compared to shareholders of C corporations (Block 56). This election of corporations includes all the publicly traded or listed companies. It is the most common structure of a company found in the United States. This corporation is recognized as a separate legal entity, and shareholders’ own it. A C Corporation does not have a maximum number of shareholders because of its independent

Emergency Operations Plan Essay Example for Free

Emergency Operations Plan Essay Brownsville Texas is located in approximately 30 miles from the Gulf of Mexico and it is vulnerable to a major hurricane like Hurricane Katrina that devastated much of Louisiana in 2005. During Hurricane Katrina many of the things when wrong because emergency leaders were because, emergency managers were not prepared for the after mass of the hurricane. It is important for a city to have a structured Emergency Operations Plan in place in the event of a major hurricane. This will help make emergency operations run smooth and emergency managers make important decisions. Hurricanes are measured in Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. This gives the hurricane a rating of 1 to 5 based on its sustained wind speed (NOAA, 2013). The rating is also based on the amount of damage a hurricane can create once it makes land fall. For example â€Å"any storm that reaches a sustained wind speed of 74-95 miles per hour (mph) is considered a category 1 hurricane† (NOAA, 2013). Any hurricane that reaches a sustained wind speed of 111-129 mph is category 3 hurricane and it falls in a major hurricane category. Category 3 hurricanes and higher are considered the most dangerous and have the potential to create the most damage (NOAA, 2013). 1.Purpose of the plan The purpose of this plan is to establish an Emergency Operation Plan (EOP) that will provide guild lines and procedures for emergency managers in the event of a major hurricane in the South Texas area. The Emergency Operations Plan will show the vulnerabilities of the City of Brownsville, major concerns that city managers have, contact information for local hospitals, Fire Department, Police Station and it will also help emergency managers coordinate operations with local, State and Federal Agencies. It will also indicate the location of the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) and the Unified Command Center. The EOC leader or manager will have complete command and control of all emergency operation, before, during and after the hurricane has made landfall in the city of Brownsville. The EOC will be the primary base of operations throughout the disaster. This means that all emergency operations will be coordinated through the EOC and all emergency managers and team leaders will report to the EOC, as soon as they arrive on scene and before any operations start. The EOP will establish a chain of command that will be followed by all agencies and private organizations  involved in emergency operations. This will include all local, State and Federal agencies assisting or participating in the EOP. The EOP will also indicate the locations of the primary and secondary EOC. The secondary location for the EOC will be used in the event that they primary location of the EOC is damaged during the hurricane and can no longer be safely used to conduct emergency operations. The EOP will also indicate who will participate in the emergency operations and what role they will have throughout emergency operations, before, during and after the hurricane. This will help emergency managers better utilize the resources that will be available to them. This will also help emergency managers plan and execute emergency operations in a safe and protective manner. The goal of the emergency plan is to provide as much information as possible to the community before the hurricane makes land fall. During and after the hurricane mission is to save as many lives as possible. This will be done through conducting emergency operations, providing medical care to the injured and by establishing temporary shelters to people that have had to evacuate their homes. 2.Situation Brownsville, Texas is located in South Texas and is a city that is approximately 30 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. The cities or communities along the Gulf of Mexico coast line are vulnerable to a potential hurricane during hurricane season. Hurricane season normally starts on June 1st and ends on November 30th (Brownsville Herald, 2014). This is the time when tropical storms form out in the Gulf of Mexico. But not all storms that form are considered hurricanes. When a storm becomes a hurricane, they are considered very dangerous storms because they have the potential cause a lot of damage. This EOP is designed to be put into action in the event of a category 3 hurricane or higher threatens the city of Brownsville. A category 3 hurricane can bring rains that can last for a long period of time. This can cause floods in certain parts of the city, the high winds are also a major concern because â€Å"framed homes may incur major damage or removal of roof decking and gable ends (NOAA, 2013). These high winds can also break trees that can cause roads to be blocked for long periods of time. A category 3 or higher hurricane can also affect the electricity and running water in the city. This means that people in many communities  throughout the city can be left without running water or electricity for days. 3.Assumptions Assuming a category 4 hurricane in enroute to the Gulf of Mexico coast and it will directly affect the city of Brownsville, emergency managers have a plan in place to start warning the community of the threat the 4 hurricane poses. This is done by using the media and providing up to date information on the status of the hurricane. At least five days before the hurricane makes land fall emergency managers need to start providing the community with up to date information on the hurricane. This will include strength of the hurricane and the potential damage it will create. Emergency managers should make plans to conduct emergency operations for at least 24 to 48 hours after the hurricane makes land fall. This will include the first responder’s response time and evacuation operations if they are needed. Evacuating people from the local hospitals is a priority. At least five days before the hurricane makes landfall hospitals should need to contact and make arrangements for the hosp itals to be evacuated (DSHS.TX, 2013). 4.Concept of Operations The concept of emergency operations plan is to create a unified response to the threat of a category 4 hurricane. The will be done by creating establishing a chain of command that all agencies and private organizations can follow. The EOP will keep the community informed of any changes or any important information that they will need before, during and after the hurricane. The EOP will also establish a Unified Command Center where different agencies can work together with one common goal. The goal is to save and protect as many people as possible from the threat of hurricane. This can be done by providing early warning of the hurricane and establishing a chain of command. This is will also help emergency managers effectively us all the resources that they have at their disposal. The EOP will also establish a list of agencies and organizations that will be involved in the emergency planning and any operations during the disaster. 5.Organization and Assignment of Responsibilities The Brownsville Office of Emergency Management and Homeland Security will be  the lead agency in charge of all emergency operations (OEMHS). OEMHS is responsible for planning and efforts to mitigate the effects of, prepare for, respond to, and recover from emergencies and disasters whether natural or man-made (COB, 2011). The local, State and Federal agencies and private organizations that will be involved in the EOP will be: A.Brownsville Police Department B.Cameron County Sherriff’s Office C.Brownsville Public Works Department D.Texas Department of Public Safety E.Brownsville Fire Department F.United States Border Patrol G.United States Coast Guard H.Texas Army National Guard I.American Red Cross J.Local Hospitals K.Private Businesses These agencies are considered first responders and will play a very important role in the EOP. Each of these agencies will have specific mission and will provide assistance to the community as it is needed. The assistance can be anything from helping people evacuate from their home to assisting in the city evacuation route. Each agency will have a representative at the Unified Command Center. This means that all operations and assignments will be given to the first responders from the Unified Command Center. A.Brownsville Police Department The Brownsville Police Department will maintain a command post at the Brownsville Police Department. Their representative will coordinate any and all operations through the Unified Command Center. The Brownsville Police Department will also assist in closing street or roads that are considered dangerous or that might possibly flood. They will also maintain public order and ensure that the public stays away from areas that are considered dangerous. They will also enforce any curfews that are order by emergency managers. B.Cameron County Sherriff’s Office The Cameron County Sherriff’s Office will assist the Brownsville Police Department in enforcing road closers and any curfews that are set in place. They will also maintain a command post at the Sheriff’s Office. They will also maintain a command center at the Sherriff’s Office. This will help coordinate emergency operations and asses the needs of their officers. They will also assist in the evacuation of any people that are need of assistance. The Sherriff’s Office will also help identify disabled and elderly people that might need to be evacuated before or after the hurricane has made landfall. C.Brownsville Public Works Department Brownsville Public Works Department will in charge of placing closer sign around the city streets that have been identified as flood areas. They will also place signs on the highway that will identify the emergency evacuation routes. The Public Works Department will also be in charge of evaluating the damage to the roads and street in Brownsville after the hurricane has passed (COB, 2001). This will help emergency managers identify the streets that can be used during emergency operations and will also identify the streets that need to be fixed during recovery operations. They are also in charge of clearing the city’s drainage system. Clearing the drainage pipes is very important task, because it will help clear the water from some of the flooded areas. This will also help speed up the recovery operations around the city. They will also maintain an agency representative at the Unified Command Center to help coordinate any emergency operations within their agency. D.Texas Depart ment of Public Safety The Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) will in charge of all evacuation routes (TXDOT, 2014). They will coordinate with city managers and establish an evacuation route 72 to 60 hours before the hurricane makes landfall (TXDPS, 2013). DPS will also coordinate with the city’s public works and coordinate the road closers along the highway. This will limit the access to the evacuation route to only controlled entry points. This will help DPS maintain control of the traffic coming in and out of the evacuation route. DPS will also coordinate with other law enforcement agencies in the area and will assign specific duties in regards to the evacuation routes. DPS will set of refueling station for vehicles that need gas along the  evacuation route. DPS will also have a representative at the Unified Command Center. They will also set up a command center at their main office, this will help them coordinate and support their operations. E.Brownsville Fire Department The Brownsville Fire Department (BFD) will play a very important role in any and all emergency operations. The BFD is highly training and equipped to handle any emergency. They have boats and breaching equipment that could be used to get people out of flooded areas. The BFD will also help establish a triage center that will help evaluate any injuries and help prioritize any medical emergencies. The will maintain personal in the Unified Command Center and will help coordinate with emergency operations from their main office. They will also assist as a liaison between the local hospitals in the immediate area. This will help evacuate the injured and facilitate operations in the triage center. F.United States Border Patrol The United States Border Patrol will maintain a show of force during all emergency operations in the Brownsville area. They will assist DPS with any and all evacuation operations and they will help enforce road closers throughout the city. This will establish a base of operations at their local Border Patrol Station and will respond to any emergency that might arise. The Border Patrol will also maintain a law enforcement presence in the city and the surrounding areas. The Border Patrol has the capability to respond to any emergency and can sustain law enforcement and emergency operations before, during and after the hurricane makes landfall. G.United States Coast Guard The United States Coast Guard will assist in the evacuation of people in the immediate and mandatory areas. They will also help supply small boats that the emergency responders can get into flooded areas. The Coast Guard will also maintain a representative at the Unified Command Center. H.Texas Army National Guard In the event that the Texas Army National Guard is needed, the Brownsville Office of Emergency Management and Homeland Security will make a formal  request to the Governor’s Office. The Texas Army National Guard will be notified of their activation at least 72 hours before the hurricane makes landfall (TXDPS, 2013). The Texas Army National Guard will assist agencies evacuate people if needed. They will not assist in any enforcement operations as per State law. After the hurricane makes landfall they will assist in rescue operations and they will set up food and water distribution sites. Any medical personal will report to the triage center, they will then help treat and evaluate the injured. The Texas Army National Guard will coordinate with the Fire and Police Departments and will assist them in any rescue operations that they are needed in. The Texas Army National Guard can provide assistance with personal, equipment and air support. I.American Red Cross The American Red Cross and provide assistance in many different ways during a major emergency. In the event of a hurricane or any major disaster American Red Cross will be in charge of establishing shelters around the city of Brownsville. They will also register and keep track of the number of people at a shelter at any given time. They will also be in charge of distributing food, cloth and personal items to the people that need them. They will assist emergency managers set up food distribution locations throughout the city for emergency responders. They will provide assistance to people that been separated from their family members. This will help reunite families that have been separated during rescue or evacuation operations. J.Local Hospitals Brownsville has two main hospitals that will need to be kept informed of the statue of the hurricane. In the event of a category 4 hurricane the hospitals will shut down and will only take in emergency patients. This would be patients that need immediate medical attention or that have life threating injuries that need to be attended too. The two hospitals in the city of Brownsville are: †¢Valley Regional Medical Center is located at 100A E. Alton Gloor Bvd, Brownsville, Texas. †¢Valley Baptist Medical Center Brownsville is located at 1040 West Jefferson Brownsville, Texas K.Private Businesses In the event of a major disaster the Brownsville Office of Emergency Management and Homeland Security will make arrangements with local businesses to coordinate supplies and equipment that might be needed during a hurricane. The business will provide food, water and any equipment that might be needed by first responders, for example pumps, generators and shovels. The OEMHS’s finance department will keep track of all the equipment and supplies that are received are ordered and received by private businesses. This will help keep track of what is being used and what supplies are needed. Any special equipment that needs to be ordered or requested will be done by the OEMHS’s finance department. This will help keep track of the money that is being spent. 6.Administration and logistics The Brownsville Office of Emergency Management and Homeland Security will coordinate all emergency operations in the City of Brownsville. The Unified Command Center will have a team of representatives of each agency that are involved in emergency operations as well as representatives from the State and Federal government. The will get continuous updates of the situation and will make decisions on any issues. They will also provide logistical support to all emergency operations as it is needed. This means that they as they receive information or requests for any equipment or support the OEMHS will address this situation and take action. 7.Plan development and maintenance The OEMHS is responsible for developing the EOP in coordination with the agencies that will be involved in the plan. This means that the OEMHS will meet with the different agencies that will participate in the plan and address any issues they might have with the EOP. It is the responsibility of the OEMHS to keep the EOC updated. Every year there are changes to roads, hazards and other things that might affect emergency operations. It is the responsibility of the OEMHS to maintain the plan and to ensure that it is up to date. It is the responsibility of the OEMHS to coordinate training with the agencies involved. The OEMHS should also coordinate ensure that the city managers that will in charge of the EOP be certified and maintain their certification through FEMA. 8.Authorities The authorities that will be in charge of all emergency operations will be the Brownsville Office of Emergency Management and Homeland Security. The OEMHS is responsible to address any and all jurisdictional issues that an agency might have. This EOC is designed to be used during a major hurricane but it is flexible and can be used for any other kind of disaster. Communications Communications is a very important part of the EOP. In the event of a major hurricane or any other kind of disaster, communications will play a very big part in emergency operations. During emergency operation all agencies involved will use TXLAW 1, as the primary radio frequency. This will ensure that all agency managers and team leader are able to communicate with the EOP. All agency dispatchers and agency managers will monitor TXLAW 1 throughout emergency operations. This will continue until all emergency operations have stopped or the agency in no longer participating in any emergency operations. If an agency does not have radios with the TXLAW1 frequency, the OEMHS will provide radios to the agency command post and team leaders during emergency operations. Radios will be provided to private organizations like the Red Cross that will set up staging areas, establish shelters and coordinate distributions site. Team leaders and managers will remain in contact with the Unified Command Center all times. In conclusion the EOP will establish guideline that emergency managers can follow. This will help them set up a structured chain of command and establish emergency operations in the event of a major disaster or hurricane. This plan is flexible and can be changed or modified as it is required for any disaster. It is very important the OEMHS provides continu es training and maintain the EOP up to date. This will ensure that emergency operations are conducted in a safe and productive manner. References Reagan, M., (2014, April 10) Early hurricane outlook predicts light season. The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved from