Biography of Silvius Leopold Weiss Research Paper

Biography of Silvius Leopold Weiss - Research Paper Example The lute resembles a guitar and was the most important instrument during the Renaissance Period. Sylvius Leopold Weiss was also a very prolific composer of lute music, having composed around 600 pieces for lute in the form of sonatas or suites. In addition, he also made chamber music and concerto pieces. Even his own contemporaries considered him to be the best lutenist as he could play on the lute with relative ease many difficult harmonic modulations and for this alone, he is considered as a musical virtuoso (Lenneberg 55). In his heyday, he was in great demand among the royal courts of Europe and traveled to various regions to play his famous brand of chamber music to the delight of his audiences. For his musical talent, he was a favorite companion of members of the Bohemian aristocracy. His early compositions were intended as solo performances using the eleven-course lute but in later years, he preferred the thirteen-course lute. Many of those who had heard him perform attest that he is without equal and for this alone, he was the highest-paid instrumentalist in the city of Dresden during the height of his fame and popularity (Carlton para. 12).He engaged the great Johann Sebastian Bach, who was very famous being a harpsichordist and organist, in a friendly competition once and both were great musicians during their era (Geck

Calcutta University Essay Example for Free

Calcutta University Essay It is a great pleasure for one who engages oneself in writing a preface of this nature relating to a noble cause – cause of spreading education in a region suffering from many shortcomings in the field of higher education. North Bengal as a region is full of rich social systems with diversified cultural heritage and only through proper educational facilities can these sociocultural diversities be made known to other parts of this country. With this definite purpose in view, our University started imparting higher education through the Distance Education mode – a mode hitherto unpractised and untested. As the seat for higher learning in this vast region, is well aware of its social commitment – commitment to reach every nook and corner with the lamp of education. We believe and it is admitted that Universities and other Educational Institution should play the role of a catalyst for social change which is again dependent on large scale participation of the young people in the policy formulation process, may be directly or indirectly. In fact, with this end in view, the University decided and decided rightly, to open the door of higher education to the lakhs of young but aspiring people in this region. It is really heartening to note that the response the University has received and is receiving is simply overwhelming. It shows that the decision of offering education through Distance Education mode is not only justified but also relevant. Distance Education programme which is being carried through the Directorate of Distance Education, University of North Bengal cannot be successful without the support and cooperation from all sections of the population. Such an enterprise by University runs on a reciprocal basis – a reciprocity which can build a solid foundation in this respect. The University should be considered as a rallying point around which all the education loving people of different cross section of the society should come closer. The enterprise is loaded with ambition – the idea of making a brighter tomorrow. What is needed is the application of collective wisdom and in this respect, our region does not, in any way, lag behind. Sincere effort and dedication will ultimately win. Prof. Pradip Kumar Sengupta Director 5 6 TH E C O LLEG E STU D Y C EN TR ES Balurghat College Distance Education Centre P. O. Balurghat, Dt. Dakshin Dinajpur, PIN – 733 101 Co-ordinator Shri Purushottam Haldar, Department Of Chemistry Phone – (03522) 255392 (O)/ 257521 (R) Jalpaiguri A. C. College Distance Education Centre P. O. Dt. Jalpaiguri, PIN – 735 101 Co-ordinator Dr. Dhiraj Kumar Basak, Reader in Physics Phone – (03561) 255554 (O), 255861 (R) Kurseong College Distance Education Centre P. O. Kurseong, Dt. Darjeeling, PIN – 734 203 Co-ordinator Sri Rohit Sharma, Senior Lecturer in Commerce Phone – (0354)2344223(O), 2330196 (R). Malda College Distance Education Centre P.O. Dt. Malda, PIN – 732 101 Co-ordinator Md. Jafrullah, Selection Grade Lecturer in Accountancy Phone – (03512) 220807 (O), 250175 (R) Raiganj College (University College) Distance Education Centre P. O. Raiganj, Dt. Uttar Dinajpur, PIN – 733 134 Co-ordinator Dr. Chinmoy Basu, Reader in Physics Phone – (03523) 252564 (O), 253733 (R) Siliguri College Distance Education Centre P. O. Siliguri, Dt. Darjeeling, PIN – 734 401 Co-ordinator Prof. Mrinal Kanti Ghosh, Reader in Physics Phone – (0353) 2436590 (O), 2512770 (R) University B. T. Evening College Distance Education Centre P. O. Dt. Cooch Behar, PIN – 736 101 Co-ordinator Sri Aniruddha Burmon, Lecturer in English Phone – (03582) 222714 (O), 226729 (R) Dambar Singh Degree College, Gangtok, Sikkim Sri Suresh Chettri, Lecturer in -charge Phone- (03592) 281743 7 1. THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL : The University of North Bengal was established by an Act of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly in November 1962 and affiliated to the University Grants Commission under section 2(f) 12(B). It was assigned the mandate during the course of its establishment of providing teaching, training and research in various branches of advanced learning and promoting the dissemination of knowledge to fulfill growing socioeconomic and technical manpower needs in the six northern districts of West Bengal known as North Bengal and the neighbouring state of Sikkim. The campus occupies an area of about 330 acres, 9 km outside Siliguri Town, the gate way of North East India and Bagdogra Airport, the only Air Port in North Bengal in the Terai region of Darjeeling district. The University Act was revised under West Bengal Act of XXV of 1981 and it came into force with effect from September 16, 1981. The University has played a pioneering role since inception in spreading higher education and inculcating scientific attitudes within the predominantly rural areas that comprise its vast jurisdictional territory. Well over 36,000 undergraduate students and over 1500 postgraduate students and scholars now enroll at different courses under the formal system of the University during any given year. Besides the territory under its immediate jurisdiction, the University also gets students and scholars from adjoining areas in Bihar and the North Eastern states of the country, as also from SAARC countries like Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Several pioneering contributions made by researchers at the university have contributed to wider understanding of the special problems that confront the Eastern Himalayan and sub-Himalayan region and have provided practical inputs for current developmental interventions in the region. The University offers courses in various disciplines under the faculties of Arts, Commerce Law, Science and in Medicine through its 73 Under Graduate Colleges including Engineering, Pharmacy, Medicine, Dentistry, Management and 21 Post Graduate Departments and 12 Centres. A part from the traditional programmes, the University has played a pioneering role in launching various professional job-related courses to help students interested in acquiring special skills to enhance their learning and earning capabilities. Besides the University is also offering various courses under the Distance Education mode to cater to the needs of further education of thousands of deserving students, particularly in remote areas through its Directorate of Distance Education. 2. THE DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION : The Directorate of Distance Education of the University of North Bengal was established in the year 2000 by a decision of the Executive Council of the University. It has introduced M. A. / M. Sc. / Bridge Courses in Bengali, 8 English, Nepali, History, Political Science, Philosophy and Mathematics under the Distance Education mode. It has also introduced B. A. (General) course at the Under Graduate level under the same mode. So far the Directorate has developed College Study Centres (see section 5 for details) in any one of which a candidate can pursue distance learning according to his/ her convenience. 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSES : The main objective of the Distance Education is to widen the base of higher education among students who do not get opportunities to avail such education in the formal sector through admission as regular students in a University. Distance Learning or teaching through Distance Education courses is now a popular mode. It is recognized as an effective method of instruction in all advanced countries of the world. In the fast developing socio-economic milieu of today, educational facilities need constant refurbishing and augmentation. It is now acknowledged by the academics of all shades that it is learning, which is important, and not the channel or the process through which one gets enrolled for education. The educational system in India has been transforming from time to time taking into consideration the socio- political needs and economic conditions of the society. Although the contribution to several of branches of learning by the conventional educational system cannot be underestimated, the fact remains that education through the formal mode is accessible only to a few. The distance or open educational system has become an alternative mode of imparting instruction and has been meeting the demand for education of millions of people at different levels. It is an effort not only to solve the problem of over crowding in our educational institutions but also to equip the community with tools and skills to gain professional competence. However, every system has its own limitations and similarly every branch of study can not be opened through its system. Realizing the importance of the system the University of North Bengal has opened up its gate to this system of study to selected branches of disciplines at the PostGraduate level only at the initial stage. Later on it has introduced the same at Under-Graduate level within the given constraints. It may be noted that the Government of West Bengal has issued Order/ Notifications to the effect that Degrees obtained through Distance Education/ Correspondence modes shall be treated on a par with those in the formal/regular modes. The University Grants Commission has also recognized this course on a par with regular courses. 4. ELIGIBILITY FOR ENROLMENT: B. A. (General) : Any person having passed Higher Secondary (10+2) or equivalent examination from any recognized Board/ Council of Higher Education are eligible for enrolment provided he/she has obtained qualifying marks in each of minimum five subjects. The enrolled students shall be eligible to appear at the Part I/ II examination in the year corresponding to the regular students. A candidate securing at least 30% marks at the B. A. Part -I examination in each subject and in the aggregate 9 shall be eligible to appear at the B. A. Part-ll examination. Elective subjects to be offered other than compulsory subjects at the B. A. (General) course are Bengali, English, Nepali, Political Science, History, Sociology, Education and Philosophy. Bridge Course: Any graduate in the B. A. / B. Sc. (pass) (10+2+2 Pattern) from any recognized University is eligible for enrolment to this course provided that anyone of the subjects mentioned below must have been studied in the graduation level as an elective subject. Subjects: Bengali, English, Nepali, Political Science, History, Philosophy Mathematics. B. A. / B. Sc. (Honours) graduates (10+2+3 pattern/ equivalent) who have not studied any of those subjects as an elective subject in the third year but only in previous years are also eligible for enrolment. Duration of the course is one year. A candidate securing at least 34% marks shall be eligible for enrolment at the Post-Graduate Part – I on that subject under Distance Education mode. 5. ENROLMENT SCHEDULE : Candidates are required to submit the Application form for enrolment at the Directorate in the prescribed application form either in person or by post along with prescribed fee in cash in the University cash counter/ S. B. I. NBU Campus Branch counter or demand draft drawn in favour of the University of North Bengal on S. B. I, N. B. U. Campus Branch. Besides, candidates may also submit the Application form for enrolment along with prescribed fee through a crossed demand draft drawn in favour of the University of North Bengal payable at S. B. I, N. B. U. Campus Branch at N. B. U. Calcutta Camp Office, S-2/ 1, flat No. 1, Sector III, Block – FC, Shrabani Abashan, Salt Lake, Kolkata – 700 091 and the following colleges : Balurghat College, Malda College, Raiganj College (University College), Siliguri College, Kurseong College, Ananda Chandra College, Jalpaiguri a University B. T and Evening College, Coochbehar and Dambar Singh Degree College, Gangtok. Prescribed Application Form and Prospectus will also be available in these colleges and N. B. U. Calcutta Camp Office on payment of price of application Form and Prospectus through a crossed demand draft following the procedure mentioned earlier. 6. FEE STRUCTURE (IN RS. ) : Particulars B. A. Part -I 200 3,000 500 50 150 – 200 B. A. Part II 200 2,000 500 – 150 150 – Bridge Course 200 2,500 500 50 150 – 200 Enro1rolment Fee Cost of Study Material Examination Fee Identity Card Centre Fee Diploma Fee Registration Fee* 10 Late Fee Other Fees Examination reappearance Fee Defaulters Fee for not completing students sheets (assignment) Response 100 100 100 500 500 500 500 500 500 *For students other than North Bengal University. All fees shall be payable in one installment at the time of enrolment. Additional fees (if applicable) are to be paid at the time of filling up of the examination forms. Note : In cases where application forms are downloaded from University’s Website, the candtdate have to deposit Rs. 200/- in cash or through Bank Draft as fee for application and prospectus. 7. MODE OF PAYMENT : All payments should be made through a crossed Demand Draft drawn in favour of the University of North Bengal payable at State Bank of India, N. B. U. Campus Branch. Payments may also be paid in cash in the Cash Counter of the University Finance Branch and State Bank of India, N. B.U. Campus Branch. 8. MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION : Study materials will be supplied to the students either in Bengali or English at their choice mentioned in the application form for enrolment but one can write both in Bengali, English or Nepali on his/her answer papers in the examinations and also on assignment sheets, subject to the condition that only one particular language shall be used during examination. 9. SYLLABUS : The syllabi to be followed in the B. A. (General) course under Distance Education mode shall be similar to the regular B. A. (General) courses in the subjects concerned. For Bridge courses, the syllabi will be supplied to the enrolled students. Qualifying marks for appearing/taking the B. A. (General) part II examination are similar to that of the regular students. A candidate is required to complete the course in maximum four academic years from the date of joining to this course. Those who will not be able to complete the course within four years shall have to re-register as fresh candidates. 11 10. METHOD OF INSTRUCTION : Study Material : Instruction/Course Materials for each paper will normally be available from the college Study Centres as per choice of the students. Enrolment cards of the students will be dispatched to the students by post. Those intending to collect enrolment cards in person may collect the same from the Directorate of Distance Education. Assignments: There shall be assignments for every paper both for Part – I Part – II examinations carrying 15% marks. Candidates shall be required to complete the respective assignments and send it to the competent authority by post or in person within the stipulated time. There shall be two periodic assignments for each paper, the best of which in terms of marks shall be counted. The same is applicable for Bridge Course students. Personal Contact Programmes (PCP) : Personal Contact Programmes (PCP) to be organized in the colleges mentioned in item 5 or elsewhere within North Bengal will involve interaction with the teachers/counsellors. Duration of Personal Contact Programmes will normally be 8 – 10 days each for B. A. (General) Part – I, Part – II Bridge Course. PCPs may be organized in College Study Centres other than that where a candidate has taken admission in cases whose subject wise clusters of Colleges have been made due to insuffiency of students in a subject at a College Study Centre. Personal Contact Programmes shall be compulsory for a candidate for appearance at a University examination. 11. EXAMINATIONS: Examination Forms for all the courses shall be sent to the concerned students with all relevant information well in advance from the Controller of Examinations. The students shall have to fill the Examination Form as per given instructions and send the same to the university along with the Demand Draft of all fees by Registered Post so as to reach the University before the specified date. Admit Cards shall be issued to the candidates along with the  programme schedule well in advance of commencement of the examinations. 12. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION: B. A. (General) Part –I and Part – II Examinations will be held at the end of second year and third year respectively. Examination for Bridge Courses in Bengali, Nepali, English, History, Political Science, Philosophy, Mathematics will be held at the end of the course (one-year). 12 13. AWARD OF CLASS/ DIVISION : Students will be awarded Class/ Division as per rules of the University applicable for the Regular Courses. 14. RULES FOR REGISTRATION/ MIGRATION CERTIFICATE : The candidates who have obtained their Graduate/ Post graduate Degrees of North Bengal University and have not migrated to any other University will be required to mention the Registration Number along with the session. Candidates who are from outside North Bengal University shall be required to submit Migration Certificate in Original at the time of enrolment. Otherwise the enrolment shall remain as provisional upto two months, after which the Directorate of Distance Education reserves the right to cancel the enrolment without any financial liability on its part. 15. ENROLMENT/ROLL NUMBER : Every candidate who is admitted to the Directorate shall be assigned an Enrolment/ Roll No. which shall be valid during the entire period of the course when he/ she continues to be a student of the Directorate of Distance Education. In all communications addressed to the Directorate, the student must mention his/ her Enrolment/ Roll No. in full. Correspondence without the Enrolment no. will entail delays and difficulties both to the Directorate and the students and at times the office may not be in position to respond. 16. IDENTITY CARD : The Directorate shall supply each candidate an Identity Card. The blank Identity Card sent with Prospectus containing the Application Form must be filled up properly. The particulars may be attested by a College/ University Teacher/ Officer. The Identity Card must be preserved till completion of the course. This Card must be produced whenever required by the authorities and at the time of Personal Contact Programme (PCP), University examination and other purposes. The candidate shall be responsible for the safe-keeping of the I. D.  card ,the loss of which must be reported to the local police station before a duplicate card will be issued. A mutilated card must be replaced by paying requisite fees. 17. DOCUMENTS TO BE ATTACHED WITH THE APPLICATION FORM FOR ADMISSION : The following documents must be attached with the Application Form and any lapse in this connection may result in the delay in finalization of the admission process: 13 a) Prescribed fees by Demand Draft in favour of North Bengal University payable at State Bank of India, North Bengal University Campus Branch. b) Original proof for date of Birth i. e. Admit Card/ Certificate (M. P. / H. S. or equivalent), Marksheets, University Registration Certificate, other testimonials (to be returned on the same date) and attested copies of them is to be submitted. Original documents will be returned by post after the admission to the students who apply by post. The same can also be collected in person. c) Migration Certificate in original from the University studied (if applicable). The Migration Certificate shall not be returned. d) Recent stamp size photographs of the candidates (not to be attested) are to be pasted on the application form and on the Identity Card. 18. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS : a) If a candidate desires to obtain Migration Certificate from the Directorate of Distance Education by discontinuation of study, all the prescribed fees including those for the Part – II course shall have to be paid. There shall not be any fee concession to any category of students. Fee once paid by the candidate will neither be refunded nor adjusted. b) Candidates are not eligible for concessional Bus Fare Bus). (University c) If any of the dates mentioned in the Notification/ Circular etc. happen to be a holiday/ bandh, the relevant documents shall be accepted on the next working day. d) At the backside of the Demand Draft all particulars of the candidate must be provided. 19. CONTACT ADDRESS : All correspondences should be addressed to – The Director Directorate of Distance Education University of North Bengal Raja Rammohunpur P. O. North Bengal University Dt. Darjeeling, PIN – 734 430 West Bengal, India Phone : (0353) 2582116/ 2582117/ 2582218 Fax : 0353 2581546 Visit us at http//dddnbu. tripod. com E-mail:[emailprotected] com 14 NBU Kolkata Camp Office: S-2/1, Sector 3, Block FC, Shrabani Abasan, Salt Lake, Kolkata-91. Ph. No. (033) 23371836. 15 16.

Gatsbys Pursuit Of The American Dream :: essays research papers

Gatsby's Pursuit of the American Dream The Great Gatsby, a novel by Scott Fitzgerald, is about the American Dream, and the downfall of those who attempt to reach its impossible goals. The attempt to capture the American Dream is used in many novels. This dream is different for different people; but, in The Great Gatsby, for Jay, the dream is that through wealth and power, one can acquire happiness. To get this happiness Jay must reach into the past and relive an old dream; and, in order to do this, he must have wealth and power. The American Dream had always been based on the idea that each person no matter who he or she is can become successful in life by his or her hard work. The dream also brought about the idea of a self-reliant man, a hard worker, making a successful living for him or herself. The Great Gatsby is about what happened to the American Dream in the 1920s, a time period when the many people with newfound wealth and the need to flaunt it had corrupted the dream. The pursuit of the American Dream is the one motivation for accomplishing one's goals, however when combined with wealth the dream becomes nothing more than selfishness. Jay Gatsby, the main character of the story, is one character that longs for the past. Surprisingly, he spends most of his adult life trying to recapture it and, finally, dies in this pursuit. In the past, Gatsby had a love affair with the attractive young Daisy. Knowing he could not marry her because of the difference in their social status, he leaves her to gain wealth to reach her standards. Once he acquires wealth, he moves near to Daisy, "Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay (p83)," and throws extravagant parties, hoping by chance she might show up at one of them. He, himself, does not attend his parties but watches them from a distance. When this dream doesn't fall into place like he planned, he asks around if anyone knows her. Soon, he meets Nick Carraway, a cousin of Daisy, who agrees to set up a meeting, "He wants to know†¦if you'll invite Daisy to your house some afternoon and then let him come over (p83)." Gatsby's personal dream symbolizes the larger American Dream where all have the opportunity to get what they want.

Error Analysis Lab

Error Analysis Lab By: Lab Team 5 Introduction and Background: In the process of learning about the importance of measurement and data processing, lab teams were given prompts to design experiments as well as address the precision, accuracy, and error analysis within the experiment. Lab teams collaborated their data to find similarities and differences within their measurements. Through this process, students learned the importance of the amount of uncertainty as well as the different types of experimental errors that might have caused a margin of difference within the lab teams results.Measurement and data processing is a topic discussed in IB Chemistry SL; it is important within the scientific community as it discusses the reliability of the data presented. Uncertainty is used to determine a range of a value in a measurement or instrument. Uncertainty of an analogue instrument is plus or minus half of the smallest division present; while uncertainty of a digital scale is plus or mi nus the smallest division present. To identify the amount of uncertainty, significant figures (the digits in measurement up to and including the first uncertain digit) are used.Certain rules are used to discover the number of significant figures in a value: * 1-9 are always significant * included zeroes (1009= 4 significant figures) * leading zeroes never count (0. 023= 2 significant figures) * trailing zeroes after the decimal count (1. 9850= 5 significant figures) Experimental errors are the difference between recorded value and generally accepted or literature value. There are two types of experimental errors: random and systematic errors. Random errors are caused by the readability of a measuring instrument, the effects of changes in the surroundings, insufficient data, and observer misinterpretation.Systematic errors are errors that can not be reduced by repeating experiments or careful experimental design. These errors are caused by poor experimental design as well as improper measurement techniques. Accuracy is the difference between the experimental value and the accepted value. The greater the accuracy, the smaller the systematic error. Precision is the reproducibility of the experimental value. The greater precision, the less the random uncertainties. Purpose: Design laboratories based upon ideas of accuracy, precision and error analysis through creating a procedure and addressing the prompts.Materials: * 13. 5 cm x 10 cm sheet of aluminum foil * Ruler * Balance * Laptop * Micrometer * Silver Cube of Unknown Solid * H2O (via sink) * Timer * Thermometer (in degrees Celsius) * 500 sheets of paper * Caliper * 100 mL graduated cylinder * 10 mL graduated cylinder * 25 mL flask Procedures and Methodologies: Station One (find volume, mass, and density of an unknown cube): 1 Find the height of the silver cube of unknown solid using the micrometer. 2 Find the length of the silver cube of unknown solid using the micrometer. 3 Find the width of the silver cube of unknown solid using the micrometer. Find the mass of the silver cube of unknown solid using the balance. 5 Using the measured length, width and height of the cube of unknown solid, calculate the volume of the cube. 6 Divide the mass of the cube by the volume to find the density of the cube. 7 Using the laptop, identify the type of metal based on the density. Station Two (find a way to measure 10. 5mL of water): 1 Using the 10 mL graduated cylinder, measure out 10 mL of water. 2 Pour the measured water into the 100 mL graduated cylinder. 3 Using the 10 mL graduated cylinder, measure 0. 5 mL of water. Pour the measured water into the 100 mL graduated cylinder, combining with the previously measured 10 mL of water. Station Three (measure the thickness of single sheet of paper and volume of 500 sheets): 1 Measure the height of the stack of paper with the ruler in millimeters (mm). 2 Measure the length of the stack of paper with the ruler in mm. 3 Measure the width of the stack of pap er with the ruler in mm. 4 Calculate the volume of the stack of paper using the ruler’s dimensions in millimeters. 5 Calculate the thickness of one sheet of paper based on the ruler’s dimensions. Divide the height by number of sheets of paper [500 sheets]). 6 Repeat steps 1-5, instead using the caliper for measurements, but still measuring in millimeters. Station Four (calculate the volume of metal cylinder): 1 Using the caliper, measure the height of the cylinder in millimeters. 2 Using the caliper, measure the diameter of the cylinder’s circle in millimeters. 3 Using the volume of a cylinder formula (pi x radius squared x height), calculate the volume of the cylinder. Station Five (Calculate the thickness of aluminum foil): 1 Using a laptop, determine the accepted density for aluminum. Using the electronic balance, measure the mass of the sheet of aluminum foil. 3 Divide the mass by the accepted density to determine the volume. 4 Using the ruler, measure the d imensions (length x width) of the sheet of aluminium. 5 Divide the volume by the dimensions of the aluminum to determine the thickness. Station Six (Measure the temperature of the sink water for 120 seconds): 1 Turn hot water knob on. 2 Hold thermometer under running water. 3 Record temperature at 60 seconds. 4 Record temperature at 90 seconds. 5 Record temperature at 120 seconds. 6 Remove thermometer from water.Station Seven (Determine the circumference, density, and identity of wire): 1 Using the micrometer, find the diameter of the of the wire 2 Multiply the diameter by pi (3. 14) to find the circumference of the wire 3 Using the ruler, find the length of the wire 4 Using the balance, find the mass of the wire 5 Multiply the circumference and the height of the wire to determine the volume 6 Divide mass by volume, to determine the density of the wire. 7 Using the laptop, identify the type of metal based on the density Data Collection: Station One- The results from measuring the vo lume, mass, and density of a unknown cube .Using the density, the lab teams were able to identify the unknown cube. Group| Data| 1| volume=530 +- . 15mm3, mass= 7. 1+-. 05g, density=0. 12+-. 011gmm-3, lead| 2| volume=653+-. 01mm3, mass=7. 1+-. 1g, density=0. 01gmm-3, lead| 3| volume=580+-100mm3, mass 7. 14+-0. 001g, density= 0. 012gmm-3, lead| 4| volume=748+-0. 005mm3, mass= 7. 13g, density=0. 0009gmm-3, lead| 5| volume=727+-1mm3, mass=7. 14+-. 01g, density= . 01gmm-3, lead| 6| volume=621+-0. 05mm3, mass= 7. 15+-0. 01g, density=0. 0115gmm-3, lead| Station Two- Using the different graduated cylinders, lab teams measured out 10. 5 mL of water. Group| Data| 1| 10. +-. 5mL| 2| 10. 5+-. 1mL| 3| 10. 5+-. 05mL| 4| 10. 5+-. 5mL| 5| 10. 5+-. 5mL| 6| 10. 5+-. 5mL| Station Three- Provided with a ruler and micrometer, teams found the thickness of a single sheet of paper and the volume of 500 sheets of paper. Group| Data| 1| thickness=0. 01cm, volume=2950cm3| 2| thickness=0. 01cm, volume=6. 0cm3 | 3| thickness=0. 01cm, volume=3100cm3| 4| thickness=0. 0096cm, volume= 2900cm3| 5| thickness= 0. 01cm, volume= 3100cm3| 6| thickness= 0. 0098cm, volume=2950cm3| Station Four- Given a metal caliper, students were asked to find the volume of a cylinder. Group| Data| 1| volume= 39+-2cm3| 2| volume= 38. +-2cm3| 3| volume= 63+-4. 9cm3| 4| volume=39+-2 cm3| 5| volume=41+- 1cm3| 6| volume= 38. 8+-. 1cm3| Station Five- Students calculated the thickness of a piece of aluminum foil using a balance and ruler. Group| Data| 1| 0. 0018+-0. 0002cm| 2| 0. 01646+-0. 0002cm| 3| 0. 0017+-0. 00002cm| 4| 0. 0022+-0. 00005cm| 5| 0. 00175+-0. 00005cm| 6| 0. 0018cm| Station Six- Lab teams measured the temperature of sink water over 120 seconds. Group| Data| 1| Start= 23+-. 5C, 60=22+-. 5C, 90=22+-. 5C, 120=22. 5C| 2| Start=21. 0+-. 5C, 60=21. 2+-. 5C, 90=21. 5+-. 5C, 120=21. 7+-. 5C| 3| 60=21+-. 5C, 90=22+-. 5C, 120=23+-. 5C| 4| 23+-. 5C| | 60=29C+-. 5, 90=29+-. 5C, 120=29+-. 5C| 6| Start= 21. 5C, 60= 22C , 90= 22. 25C, 120= 22. 5C| Station Seven- Using a micrometer, balance, and ruler, groups were asked to calculate the circumference, density and discover the identity of a wire. Group| Data| 1| circumference=6. 3+-+. 5mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 0033gmm-3| 2| circumference= 1. 19pi mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 011gmm-3| 3| circumference= 3. 14mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 13gmm-3| 4| circumference= 3. 93mm| 5| circumference= 3. 14 mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 13gmm-3| 6| circumference= 1. 23pi mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 307gcm-3|Error Analysis: Station 1 (find volume, mass, and density of an unknown cube) In this particular station, there are no identified outliers. While the mass and density were rather close in value, there was no close range in the measurement of the volume of the unknown cube. This can be seen in the graphs below. Some random errors that may have caused this lack of precision in finding the volume of the unknown cube are misreadings of the instruments, changes in the environment of the experiment, the number of significant figures used, and the experimenter approximating a reading. Station 2 (find a way to measure 10. 5mL of water)In this station, there were two identifies outliers. This included Group 2 and Group 3. They were identified as outliers because of the amount of uncertainty. This two groups had a rather small amount of uncertainty unlike the other four groups with identical amounts of uncertainty. This can be seen in the graph below. The error that would have caused the amount of uncertainty is systematic because water will have clinged to the sides of the graduated cylinder as it was emptying. Another reason it was a systematic error was the fact that too much water could have been added to the graduated cylinder as it was filled.Station 3 There is only one large outlier within this station. In measuring the volume, Group 2 measured the volume to be 6. 0 cm3 while all other groups said the volume was around 3000cm3. This is such a huge gap that it would not be counted as a valuable measurement. Errors that could have occurred in this lab could have been random like the mismeasurement of the volume. The error could have also occurred by the misinterpretation of the question or prompt given. Station 4 The outlier in this station is group 3 with a Station 5 Station 6 Station 7Conclusion and Evaluation: In result of the preformed lab, our team learned the importance of determining error as well as preventing the majority of this error. The large range of results most likely was a result of systematic error. This can be concluded because there were no set directions for each station, and a different procedure could have been used by each lab team. Another source of error can be seen in the difference in sig figs used between groups. Random error most likely was a result of the unfamiliar tools that were used for the first time by many students.

A Way of Life for Searching People Essay

The book Practicing Our Faith: a Way of Life for a Searching People is about addressing the need for sharing the fundamental needs of man to establish faithful and honorable Christian way of life. It explores twelve central Christian practices contributed together by thirteen individuals coming from diverse denominational and ethnic backgrounds. Specifically this book provides significance to every Christian practice even honoring the old tradition of honoring the body, forgiveness, hospitality, testimony, discernment and honoring the Sabbath by putting emphasis on its historical and biblical context and reexamining its relevance to our present and everyday lives. But though it may seem that representing old belief may sound too idealistic and obsolete, accordingly adopting this practice can also free us of unnecessary system of belief, tradition and ritualistic procedures contributed by governing rules of different ritualistic concept of Christian practices. As Christendom is presented in this book, it tells us how to put our faith into action by enabling ourselves to adapt and tuning in with the communities‘way of life, tradition and belief while doing good deeds for the poor, feeding the hungry and building houses for the homeless. In other words, this book will serve as guidelines and principles when dealing with different people of different ethnic origins but with the same Christian belief. Thus the intention of this book would be to serve as a guiding entity especially for the laities who are engage in spiritual outreach activities while making their Christian ministries employs discipline and become sensitive to issues regarding the religious conviction of the communities. The laws presented here are not strict because they prioritize freedom of faith and expression which in way can be able to change the fragmented conviction of people living in a confused spiritual world. Simply put, the principle behind this book is the formulation of approach in ministering Christian’s way of life to different communities in order to resolve how they can be able to understand and preserve their Christian identity. Many of the chapters here locate the connections of people and religion and how particular practice is applicable for each people.

Customer vs. Client

Customer vs. Client Customer vs. Client Customer vs. Client By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between a customer and a client? Substantially, not much but as we all know on some level, the exchange of currency for goods and services is more about the style than the substance. Savvy merchants have blurred the distinction in the interests of encouraging business by conferring prestige on potential purchasers. First, word origins: Customer’s root word, custom, ultimately derives from the Latin verb consuescere, â€Å"to accustom,† and the sense of a person who buys something from another perhaps stems from the idea of purchasing as being a habit. Client (the plural can be clients or clientele) also comes from Latin, in the form of clientem, â€Å"follower,† which may be related to the root word of incline. This sense persists in the phrase â€Å"client state,† referring to a nation dependent on another for security or other support. The two terms have traditionally differed widely in usage: A customer is simply a recipient of products or services in exchange for money. Even though the relationship to the provider might be long lasting, the sense is of discrete exchanges. By contrast, a client is engaged in a more qualitative relationship in which the provider generally applies professional skills to offer often intangible commodities such as legal services, insurance policies, and the like. (Another distinction is that a customer is more likely to visit a retail establishment, whereas a client may more easily receive services without being physically present at the place of business. The escalation of mail-order business spurred by online retailing, however, has blurred this distinction.) Because of the greater perceived value associated with provision of professional services, businesses not normally classified as providers of such have taken to referring to their customers as clients. Technically, there’s nothing wrong with that; why shouldn’t an auto mechanic refer to people with car trouble as clients rather than customers? As I mentioned above, it’s all about the prestige: A streetwalker services customers, but an escort sees clients. Synonyms for customer and client are available, but they have their limits: A buyer is someone who pays for something, but the word also refers to someone employed by or otherwise associated with a company who purchases things wholesale to later be sold as is or as part of a retail product by that company. Patron is more limited in connotation than customer or client; it generally refers to someone purchasing an aesthetic experience such as a performance or a meal rather than carting items from a shelf to a checkout stand. It also applies, however, to a supporter (as in â€Å"a patron of the arts†) or a guardian (as in â€Å"a patron saint†). Guest is an elegant way to describe someone acquiring lodging or otherwise remaining on the business premises for an extended time but seems pretentious for other usages. Meanwhile, consumer seems too impersonal and is best reserved for referring, in singular or plural form, to connote a typical person who buys products or services or the general public in that role. Other synonyms such as user (or â€Å"end user†) are highly specific to technological products and services, and yet others are clunky (purchaser, vendee) or describe someone on the way to becoming a customer or client but not yet there (prospect, shopper). Your best bet is to weigh customer and client and, with candor, determine which is more appropriate for the context. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsList of Greek Words in the English LanguageIs "Number" Singular or Plural?

Marion Mahony Griffin, On the Wright Team

Marion Mahony Griffin, On the Wright Team Marion Mahony Griffin (born Marion Lucy Mahony February 14, 1871 in Chicago) was one of the first women to graduate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the first employee of Frank Lloyd Wright, the first woman to be licensed as an architect in Illinois, and some say the collaborative strength behind many successes attributed solely to her husband, Walter Burley Griffin. Mahony Griffin, a pioneer in a male-dominated profession, stood behind the men in her life, often foregoing attention to her own brilliant designs. After graduating from Bostons MIT in 1894, Mahony (pronounced MAH-nee) returned to Chicago to work with her cousin, another MIT alumnus, Dwight Perkins (1867–1941). The 1890s was an exciting time to be in Chicago, as it was being rebuilt after the Great Fire of 1871. A new building method for tall buildings was the grand experiment of the Chicago School, and the theory and practice of architectures relationship to American society was being debated. Mahony and Perkins were commissioned to design an 11-story venue for the Steinway company to sell pianos, but the upper floors became offices to social visionaries and many young architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright. Steinway Hall (1896-1970) became well-known as the place to go for discussions in design, building practices, and American social value. It was where relationships were forged and connections established. In 1895, Marion Mahony joined the Chicago studio of a young Frank Lloyd Wright  (1867-1959), where she worked for nearly 15 years. She formed a relationship with another employee named  Walter Burley Griffin, five years younger than she, and in 1911 they married to form a partnership that lasted until his death in 1937. In addition to her home and furnishing designs, Mahony is widely praised for her architectural renderings. Inspired by the style of Japanese woodblock prints, Mahony created fluid and romantic ink and watercolor drawings decorated with flowing vines. Some architectural historians say that Marion Mahonys drawings were responsible for establishing the reputations of both Frank Lloyd Wright and Walter Burley Griffin. Her Wright renderings were published in Germany in 1910 and are said to have influenced the great modern architects Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier. Mahonys lush drawings on 20-foot panels are credited for winning Walter Burley Griffin the prized commission to design the new capital city in Australia. Working in Australia and later in India, Marion Mahony and Walter Burley Griffin built hundreds of Prairie-style houses and spread the style to distant parts of the world. Their unique Knitlock houses became a model for Frank Lloyd Wright when he designed his textile block houses in California. Like many other women who design buildings, Marion Mahony became lost in the shadow of her male associates. Today, her contributions to Frank Lloyd Wrights career and also to the career of her husband are being reexamined and reevaluated. Selected Independent Projects: 1902: All Souls Church in Evanston, Illinois1949: Magic of America, by Marion Mahony Griffin, and unpublished memoir with 1,400 typed pages and nearly 700 illustrations. Reproduced online by the Art Institute of Chicago. Mahonys Projects With Frank Lloyd Wright: While she worked for Frank Lloyd Wright, Marion Mahony designed furnishings, light fixtures, murals, mosaics, and leaded glass for many of his houses. After Wright left his first wife, Kitty, and moved to Europe in 1909, Mahony completed many of Wrights unfinished houses, in some cases serving as lead designer. Her credits include the 1909 David Amberg Residence, Grand Rapids, Michigan, and the 1910 Adolph Mueller House in Decatur, Illinois. Mahonys Projects With Walter Burley Griffin: Marion Mahony met her husband, Walter Burley Griffin, when they both worked for Frank Lloyd Wright. Along with Wright, Griffin was a pioneer in the Prairie School of architecture. Mahony and Griffin worked together on the design of many Prairie Style houses, including the Cooley House, Monroe, Louisiana and the 1911 Niles Club Company in Niles, Michigan. Mahony Griffin drew 20-foot long watercolor perspectives for the prize-winning Town Plan for Canberra, Australia designed by her husband. In 1914, Marion and Walter moved to Australia to oversee the construction of the new capital city. Marion Mahony managed their Sydney office for over 20 years, training draftsmen and handling commissions, including these: 1924: Capitol Theatre, Melbourne, Australia1926: Ellen Mower Home, Castlecrag, New South Wales, Australia1926: Creswick Home, Castlecrag, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia1927: S.R. Salter Residence (Knitlock construction), Toorak, Victoria, Australia1927: Vaughan Griffin Home, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia The couple later practiced in India where she supervised the design of hundreds of Prairie Style houses along with university buildings and other public architecture. In 1937, Walter Burley Griffin died suddenly in an Indian hospital after gall bladder surgery, leaving his wife to complete their commissions in India and Australia. Mrs. Griffin was well-into her 60s when she returned to Chicago in 1939. She died on August 10, 1961 and is buried in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago. Her husbands remains are in Lucknow, northern India. Learn More: Beyond Architecture: Marion Mahony and Walter Burley Griffin - America, Australia, India by Anne Watson, University of Illinois Press, 1999Marion Mahony Griffin - Drawing the Form of Nature, Debora Wood, ed., Block Museum, 2005Making Magic: The Marion Mahony Griffin Story by Glenda KorporaalMarion Mahony Reconsidered by David Van Zanten, University Of Chicago Press, 2011100 Women Architects in the Studio of Frank Lloyd Wright: A Girl is a Fellow Here, DVD, 2009 Sources: Press photo from the 2013 exhibition The Dream of a Century: the Griffins in Australias Capital, National Library of Australia, Exhibition Gallery; Rediscovering a Heroine of Chicago Architecture by Fred A. Bernstein, The New York Times, January 20, 2008; Marion Mahony Griffin by Anna Rubbo and Walter Burley Griffin by Adrienne Kabos and India by Professor Geoffrey Sherington on the website of the   Walter Burley Griffin Society Inc. [accessed December 11, 2016]

Secret Nazi Words and Codes

Secret Nazi Words and Codes Nazi-Problem? Does the world have a new Nazi problem? Well, it surely seems that way. This article will introduce you to their scrambled ways of communication worldwide so that you can recognize them when you come across them e.g. on social media channels.    The aftermath of the NSU-Scandal (National Socialist Underground) is slowly fading from the medias memory. The idea of an organized underground network of Neo-Nazis once more has become something politicians and police officials can dismiss as unrealistic. The recent surge of attacks on refugee camps, and in places like Charlottesville, Virginia speak a very different language.  Experts think that if not part of a larger scheme, at least the right-wing groups and individuals are in close communication via social networks and other methods. The NSU-investigations have once again shown, that there is a large Neo-Nazi-force – one that is rooted deeper in society than our leaders would like to admit. Maybe even than we would like to admit.  Just as with other fringe groups, many Nazis have developed specific code words and numbers to symbolize right-wing terminology and signs – Terminology and Symbols that are otherwise prohibited in Germany. We will see that these secr et words and codes of Nazi-speech are not only circulating in Germany.   Ã‚   Numeric Combinations There are many numeric combinations that operate as metaphors for Nazi-terms. You often find them as emblems on clothing or in online communication. The following list will give you an idea of some of the codes in Germany and abroad.    In a lot of examples, the chosen numbers represent letters of the alphabet. They are an abbreviation of words associated with the Third Reich or other names, dates or events from Nazi mythology. In these cases, the rule is mostly 1 A and 2 B, etc. Here are some of the best known Nazi codes: 88 – represents HH, meaning â€Å"Heil Hitler.† The 88 is one of the most used codes in Nazi-speech.  18 – stands for AH, you guessed right, its an abbreviation of Adolf Hitler.198 – a combination of 19 and 8 or S and H, meaning Sieg Heil.1919 – represents SS, short for â€Å"Schutzstaffel†, probably the most infamous paramilitary organization in the Third Reich. It was responsible for some of the most heinous crimes against humanity in World War II.  74 – GD or â€Å"Großdeutschland/ Großdeutsches Reich† refers to the 19th-century idea of a German state that includes Austria, also an unofficial term for Germany after the annex of Austria in 1938. Großdeutsches Reich was the official state designation of the Third Reich in the last two years of the war.28 – BH is an abridgement for Blood Honor, a German Neo-Nazi network that nowadays is prohibited.  444 – yet another representation of letters, DDD s tands for Deutschland den Deutschen (Germany for the Germans). Other theories point out that it also might refer to the Four-Column-Concept of the far-right party NPD (National Democratic Party of Germany). This concept is the NPD’s strategy for winning over political power in Germany.     14 or 14 words – is a numeric combination used by Nazis all over the world, but especially in the USA and by some German groups. The exact 14 words of this code are: We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children. A statement coined by deceased American white supremacist David Eden Lane. â€Å"Our people,† of course excludes everyone who is not deemed â€Å"white.†    Nazi-Speech The German Nazi-scenes have proven to be very creative when it comes to inventing phrases or terms for communicating within their ranks. That goes from harmless sounding self-designations, over re-labelling left-wing slogans to diverse phrases and synonyms. In general, Nazi-Speech is highly politicized language that is designed to achieve very specific goals, such as shaping public discussions of certain issues and agitate a concrete group or demographic.    Particularly political parties and organizations that operate on a public level are sticking to an up-front harmless language that makes it difficult to distinguish it from e.g. official municipal language. Often, Nazis refrain from using obvious go-to-terms, such as the N-word, - which in German means Nazi -   that would make it easy to identify their cause.Some groups or parties call themselves Nationaldemokraten (National Democrats), Freiheitliche (Liberals or Libertarians) or Nonkonforme Patrioten (Nonconformist Patriots). Nonconformist or politically incorrect are frequently used labels in right-wing speech. Regarding World War II, far-right statements often aim at trivializing the Holocaust and at shifting blame towards the Allied Forces. NPD-politicians regularly criticize that Germans indulge in a so-called Schuldkult (Cult of Guilt) or a Holocaust-Religion. They also often claim that their opponents use the Faschismus-Keule (Fascism-Club) against them. They mean that Right -Wing arguments cannot be equated with fascist positions. But this specific critique is mostly beside the point and plays down the Holocaust  by calling numerous allied military operations as Alliierte Kriegsverbrechen (Allied War-Crimes) and Bomben-Holocausts (Bomb-Holocausts). Some right-wing groups even go as far as labelling the BRD a â€Å"Besatzerregime (Occupied Regime)†, basically calling it an illegitimate successor to the Third Reich, unlawfully installed by the Allied Forces.    This short glance at the secret words and codes of Nazi-Speech is just the tip of the iceberg. When delving deeper into the German language, especially on the internet, it might be wise to keep your eyes open for some of these numeric combinations and the above-mentioned signs. By using seemingly random numbers or harmless phrases Nazis and right-wing people often do communicate far less hidden than one would think.

Crucibles of Leadership by Warren G. Bennis Article

Crucibles of Leadership by Warren G. Bennis - Article Example In order to understand thoughts, opinions and impacts of the article it is important to first present a brief discussion about authors of ‘Crucibles of Leadership’. Warren Bennis who is the leading author of the article was born in 1925 and he is now recognized as the American scholar. He played a significant role in the development of modern leadership as a comprehensive field whereas he is also an organizational consultant (About Warren Bennis). He is renowned for his influence over people and also for introducing new concepts to the overall business approach. Robert J. Thomas is the fellow author of Bennis who contributed in the development of this article. He is a senior member and an associate partner with the Accenture Institute for Strategic Change. His profound thoughts have enabled him to understand the deeper concepts of leadership. On the basis of his knowledge and experience he has been able to help individuals to identify leaders within them. The message pre sented in the ‘Crucibles of Leadership’ can be categorized as following (Bennis):Differences and Learning: As discussed previously that a crucible is actually an experience which alters the sense of identity of an individual. One of the commonly known types of crucibles is prejudice experience. When a person fall prey to prejudice then he is particularly forced to project a vague image of her or himself. The experience is highly traumatic in nature which also sometimes leads to the development of anger.

Grammer & Academic Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Grammer & Academic Writing - Essay Example The writer feels that his grammar has improved due to his constant usage of the language itself – be it in the form of written, spoken or reading comprehension. The hard work usually pays at the end on the part of the writer since he has been able to suggest quite a few changes to his repertoire of the vocabulary that he possessed back then (when he was starting on improving his grammatical acumen) and now. The change has been pretty obvious as he has taken giant strides and completely changed the way he sees the language as a result of the same undertakings. He has liked the whole concept of acquainting himself in line with learning the intricacies involved with grammar usage. However the strengths and weaknesses exist side by side and since man is always bent on a learning curve, the writer feels that there is still a long way to go before he could consider himself a fully developed native speaker, writer and a reader of repute. The strengths have been in the area of correct usage of nouns, pronouns, adverbs and adjectives. The writer has noticed that he is putting the required words at the end of the sentences where he used to fumble in the beginning of his quest. He has determined his weaknesses within this area and understood the manner by which the same have started to blossom as his strengths. This is surely a positive sign and suggests some good things for the future as far as acquainting himself with the language is concerned. In the end, the writer feels that he needs to back up his claims of improving his grammar by reading books, newspapers and above all, using the language with the people that he meets up with on a daily basis. He has to be proactive in his approach of the language so that his grammar improves and he starts to speak and write in a fluent manner. It is a given that this fluency would look good if correct usage of grammar is assured,

Short Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short Writing - Essay Example ook tells us about a soldier of the Vietnam War, trying to communicate with the common people to tell them about the hardships and sufferings he went through during the war. This communication convinces the reader about one thing: that true war story is much more different from war stories shown in Hollywood movies and in fictional and non-fictional novels. What media shows on the television is much more different from true war stories. Glamorized stories of soldiers and what they went through as shown in films and dramas does not show us what actually they had to face, what made them laugh, what made them cry, how they felt when they kept hungry for days, and how they missed their loved ones. Even true stories other than war are different as they do not lead us to true emotions as experienced by a soldier who sleeps on heated sand and stays hungry for days. This makes true war stories very much different from other true stories shown in media. For Tim O’Brien, true war stories are exceptional also because he thinks that war stories tell such experiences that is hard for the reader or the listener to separate from what seems to have happened in real; that is, what happened in real seems to be happening right there, right in front of you. One can feel the bombs exploding and people dying. A true war story is unusual than the normal experiences of common people. Also, war stories are exceptional because there are some elements that are too unbearable for the reader or listener to believe, and some elements are too normal for them to believe too. It all depends on the reader or listener how much space he gives to the war story in his belief system. War stories cannot be told in abstract, nor can they be generalized. Every story is different and is hard to tell. These elements are what make true war stories different and exceptional for the narrator of ‘The Things They Carried.’ In short, Tim O’Brien thinks that war is not less than a hell described in words,

Business structures and competitiveness of Canada Analysis using Essay

Business structures and competitiveness of Canada Analysis using Michael Porters Diamond Model of International Competitiveness - Essay Example Factor conditions 7 4.2 Demand conditions 8 4.3 Supplier industries in Canada 8 4.4 Business establishment, management and rivalry in the domestic market 9 5. Conclusions - Recommendations 10 6. References 12 7. Appendix 13 Executive Summary A series of criteria tends to be used for evaluating the performance of economies in the global market. Usually, the ability of countries to cover their debts and to respond to the needs of local population is considered as indication of economic strength. In practice, it has been proved that the competitiveness of countries refers to a variety of requirements; these requirements need to be met in order for a country to be characterized as highly competitive. The particular issue has been explored in the literature, due to its critical importance. The most common framework for evaluating the competitiveness of countries is the Diamond model of national competitiveness. This model promotes the view that national competitiveness can be related most ly to four elements (Figure 1, Appendix). The Porter’s Diamond model has been used in this paper in order to evaluate the competitiveness of Canada. Using the model for developing the above task a contradiction has been revealed: Canada seems to perform high in two of the model’s elements while its performance in the rest two elements is low (Figure 5, Appendix). This contradiction could be explained as follows: Canadian economy is quite strong and the development of business activity is highly promoted by the government. However, the measures taken are not adequate and gaps are unavoidable. Therefore, the competitiveness of the country seems to be high or low depending on the elements of the economy on which each part of the Diamond model is based. 1.0 Introduction The competitiveness of countries in the context of the international market is difficult to be measured, especially due to the instability in economies and the strong social conflicts worldwide. Porter has introduced a model that can be used as the basis for measuring and evaluating the national competitiveness; this is the Diamond model. The value of this model is high since no similar theoretical frameworks are available in the literature. At the same time, the effectiveness of the specific model has been already tested in practice leading to credible findings in regard to national competitiveness. A key advantage of Porter’s Diamond model is the following one: the model can be used for evaluating the competitiveness of countries with various cultural and social characteristics. Porter’s Diamond model has been used in this paper for measuring the national competitiveness of Canada, a country with a quite strong economy, at least as compared with other western countries. Porter’s Diamond model has verified the strength and the prospects of the Canadian economy; however, there are certain practices of the country’s government that should be alternated, a ne ed that has been revealed through Porter’s Diamond model. 2.0 National competitiveness – characteristics When referring to the competitiveness of a nation it is difficult to choose the criteria that would be most appropriate for taking a relevant decision (Porter 1990). Most commonly, national competitiveness is related to issues such as ‘exchange rates, interest rates and government deficits’ (Porter 1990, p.76), being related to macro-economy. The view that national competitiveness can be related mostly to the natural resources of a country has not been widely accepted (Porter 1990) as it could not respond to the following question: how countries such as Germany and Italy that

6 Keys to the Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

6 Keys to the Arts - Essay Example It is said that the sculptor was installed in memory of the romantic times in the city of London though the accuracy of the information is yet to be unravel. In the face value, this can be attributed to the facial impact it has on the viewers. This might have be the factor behind the proposal. Sculptors always have a hidden intention as to why they are erected at the strategic points in the towns, universities, halls, and public places. The building is found in Westminster and its construction started in 1786 and completed in 1788. Her majesty’s Government owns the building. Because of the history of the building and the kinds of meetings that has been held in it, most of the first viewers expect the building to be under tight security details. This is owing to the fact that is has been housing several prime ministers of the United Kingdom including Winston Churchill (Glass, 2002). To their surprise, the building is one of the places that are left as tourist attraction centers in the city of London. Unlike other cities, which have hosted prominent people in the world, this house remains not under stringent security but as a place to visit for recreation. Most people also expect to find the house with archaic architectural design. To their surprise, they find the building depicting what can be easily be construed as a contemporary design, In fact, to most of the people who have seen the building, they tend to have a different opinion about it as far as the construction year is concerned. Whether the building construction year was accurately taken always become contestable. The image genre can be classified as emblems; this is because it depicts the morning scene of a typical coastal time. Whenever the picture is seen, what comes into the mind at a glance is the coastal morning life. It is a reminiscence of a place-coast. The palm tree, the ocean and the rising sun is a perfect and sufficient evidence to conclude that the picture is illustrating imminently

Interview of Professor Graue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interview of Professor Graue - Essay Example My interview with Professor Graue was truly enlightening. It offered me a whole new perspective on how â€Å"human† university professors actually are. Professor Graue was called into the teaching profession and he dutifully heeded this calling. Other than teaching, he also has to fulfill responsibilities in the University such as assisting students, running the Mathematics department and completing researches. Professor Graue employs a number of teaching strategies that would make it easier for students to learn and appreciate mathematics. He further says that in order to succeed and be happy as a university professor, one has to be continuously learning and must have the intrinsic love for teaching. My interview with Professor Graue proves why he is a campus favorite among students. He is truly a valuable asset in the teaching profession. His knowledge in Mathematics and passion for teaching makes him a gem in his chosen field.

6 Keys to the Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

6 Keys to the Arts - Essay Example It is said that the sculptor was installed in memory of the romantic times in the city of London though the accuracy of the information is yet to be unravel. In the face value, this can be attributed to the facial impact it has on the viewers. This might have be the factor behind the proposal. Sculptors always have a hidden intention as to why they are erected at the strategic points in the towns, universities, halls, and public places. The building is found in Westminster and its construction started in 1786 and completed in 1788. Her majesty’s Government owns the building. Because of the history of the building and the kinds of meetings that has been held in it, most of the first viewers expect the building to be under tight security details. This is owing to the fact that is has been housing several prime ministers of the United Kingdom including Winston Churchill (Glass, 2002). To their surprise, the building is one of the places that are left as tourist attraction centers in the city of London. Unlike other cities, which have hosted prominent people in the world, this house remains not under stringent security but as a place to visit for recreation. Most people also expect to find the house with archaic architectural design. To their surprise, they find the building depicting what can be easily be construed as a contemporary design, In fact, to most of the people who have seen the building, they tend to have a different opinion about it as far as the construction year is concerned. Whether the building construction year was accurately taken always become contestable. The image genre can be classified as emblems; this is because it depicts the morning scene of a typical coastal time. Whenever the picture is seen, what comes into the mind at a glance is the coastal morning life. It is a reminiscence of a place-coast. The palm tree, the ocean and the rising sun is a perfect and sufficient evidence to conclude that the picture is illustrating imminently

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Auditing - Essay Example It has been noticed that frauds related to theft of inventory have a direct impact on the income statement of the company. Loss due to theft is directly proportion to decrease in profit (Week, 4 2012). There are following ways Mr. Franklin can reduce the probability of risk through theft. Access Control is like security measures these measures are taken so we can prohibit any kind of unauthorized entry in some restricted area (Audit Risk Assessment, Page 31), by this risk of theft of any asset can be reduced to a minimal level if the access is restricted to a minimal level then there is less probability of any kind of fraud or misrepresentation e.g. If there is only one person who is managing all cash related affairs and he is the only authorized person who have access to cash so, in such a scenario, the probability of theft will be low. It is necessary to count the assets periodically and then compare it with our records (Audit Risk Assessment, Page 381). It is quite essential to safeguard our assets from theft. It can provide you detail if there is some sort of difference between counted assets and recorded assets then we need an explanation. For that reason, first of all we need to understand the concept of materiality and we have to understand which category of goods is valuable to us (Week, 5 2012). It is a concept in which we use more than one person to complete a task; it means that we have to include different personal to execute a single transaction (Audit Risk Assessment, Page 380) so work of one individual is being cross checked by another individual. In such setup, there is a possibility that the risk of theft will reduce. But we have to make sure that no one is performing any duty which is mismatched. It is quite a good way for an internal control. The other risk the hospitality industry was exposed to a risk of fiddles or

Demonstration and Narrator States Essay Example for Free

Demonstration and Narrator States Essay The story of Ligeia describes a man who meets a women in which the circumstances of are filled with hallucinations and mystery. The existence of Ligeia starts to come develop as the narrator starts fixating on her erratic learning, rare beauty, and the care for language. The narrator describes the first encounter with Ligeia in Germany, in which he states,† Yet I know that I met her most frequently in some large, old, decaying city near the Rhine. † (Belasco, Johnson pg. 1021). The narrator states he think he meets her in Germany, in which he states he doesn’t remember much. The narrator demonstrates hallucinations and an altered state of mind with his visions of Ligeia. For example, the narrator explains that he met Ligeia’s family, but he can’t recall their name. The narrator describes Ligeia as a tall and thin women, whose days were emaciated. (1021). The narrator describes her voice as a sweet and low and face like an â€Å"opium dream†. (1021). Ligeia’s hair was described as looking like a raven and her skin as white as ivory. The visions of Ligeia comes from light and darkness that the narrator uses to conflict the two metaphysical traditions. The narrator describes Ligeia’s features with â€Å"strangeness†, in which her most distinguishing feature was her curly hair, in which her eyes matched. Ligeia’s image is described in a mysterious way in which the narrator blisses his memory of her exquisiteness. The narrator also describes Ligeia’s language and learning skills, in which helped him understand the world of theoretical studies during the first years of their marriage. The visions of Ligeia grow stronger as she gets ill and the narrator reads a poem which describes the natural disaster of life. The poem describes a theater where angels have come to see mysterious movements which are controlled by outside manifestations. The presences of the outside presences during the poem demonstrate mystery and darkness. After the death of Ligeia, the narrator gets remarried to Lady Rowena in which he gets a Gothic art piece in which his wife is frightened of. The narrator’s second wife begins to get sick like Ligeia and the narrator begins to think that death is forthcoming. The death of Lady Rowena brings flashback memories of Ligeia to the narrator and how obsessed he was for the love they once had. The gothic bridal chamber that Lady Rowena is in has Ligeia’s sensuality in the creation of the chamber so the narrator can remember her. The visions of Ligeia demonstrate irrational beliefs as where she returns alive in the bridal chamber in which the narrator scared of the rebirth of the corpse. Although Ligeia died, the memory of her stayed in the mind of the narrator. The return of Ligeia demonstrated that the narrator lost his sense of reality and the manifestation of her signifies that the vision of Ligeia is more physical than just a memory.

Article Review (entertainment) :: essays research papers

â€Å"On the Money†, an article written by Allison Hope Weiner, is a brief article written as an effort to help explain the controversy surrounding the celebrity telethon that was held almost three months ago. The telethon, America: A Tribute to Heroes, ended up receiving donations totaling an estimated one hundred and fifty million dollars all put into a fund overseen by the United Way, called the September 11th Fund. This fund has received over three hundred and forty million dollars all from donators. The controversy of the telethon arises with the distribution of the money. During the telethon, celebrities were stating that all of the money donated would go directly to the victims of September 11 and their families. Even though the charity supporting the event, the United Way, relinquished their administrative costs, the other organizations that were awarded donated money did use some of the donations to pay for their operating costs. The other controversial issue that is explained in this article is length of time taken to deliver the donated money to the victims of the national tragedy. The article explains that it takes time for charities to give money to disaster victims. Plans must be in place for who obtains the money and how much they receive. The last controversial issue examined in this article is the celebrities who encouraged people to donate to this fund and their role in how the money is spent. Bill O’Reilly has accused the celebrities of using the telethon to improve their public image instead of helping the victims of September 11. He also states that if celebrities put more pressure on the charities involved they would be better organized and aid the victims further. I believed that this article was important to the entertainment industry in the segment of celebrity endorsements. When celebrities, such as George Clooney and Julia Roberts that are idolized by the American public, endorse a product, or give their opinion on a controversial subject, they usually have a following of their fans that agree with them. People tend to trust celebrities and their opinions on subjects. This very great power was illustrated well during the telethon in discussion. When this power is misused or used to benefit the celebrity at the cost of victims of a horrible tragedy, the public image of the celebrities involved becomes marred. During this telethon, many celebrities told us that one hundred percent of the money donated would go directly to the victims of September 11.

Essay --

Kate Thoma Position Paper In John Caputo’s book, What Would Jesus Deconstruct? Caputo discusses his views on the world’s actions and whether or not they are reflective of what Jesus wanted. Caputo believes that society is not just falling short of what Jesus wanted but in many cases failing entirely to follow Jesus’ orders. Caputo discusses several important issues including war and abortion. However, Caputo concludes that everyone, including devout Christians, need to realize the world is not living according to the teachings of Jesus. An important issue that Caputo discusses is wars. To be more accurate, the idea of ‘just wars.’ In Caputo’s opinion Jesus would hate that wars are happening throughout the world and find the idea of a ‘just war’ as ludicrous. In fact, it is explained that the concept of a ‘just war’ was not even created until four centuries after the death of Jesus in order for Christians to maintain power over Rome. As Caputo puts it, â€Å"The only just war is the war against war† (Caputo pg#). Additionally, Caputo keeps mentioning this idea of a ‘just war’ being justified as a lesser evil, but that does not make it just, so to speak. Caputo argues that if Jesus were to be considered a political thinker then Jesus would be a pacifist, as depicted in the New Testament. This means that under no circumstances would war be considered as an option to Jesus. Rather, every conflict would be settled through peaceful negotiations. Caputo goe s even further explaining that if Jesus held political power in today’s day and age, then the U.S. Department of Defense’s budget would be nonexistent because there would be no need to fund their cause. However, the Christian Right continues to support the U.S. in going to war. Furthermo... ... against making abortion illegal. The Christian Right are mostly opposed to increasing taxation, however if abortion were to be made illegal, then the government would need to get the money to pay for these children somehow. I also found it interesting that the reason Catholics restrict the use of birth control is due to a threat to the population that does not even exist anymore. It makes no sense for the Catholic Church to continue ruling out the use of contraception, especially because Jesus never even talked of this issue. However, that is the issue. Jesus never talked about the issue of abortion either. I must agree with Caputo though, Jesus would not be preaching against abortions but rather taking in both perspectives and seeing the difficulty in the situation. Just like Caputo I find that much of society is not living by the rules Jesus told us to live by.

Food and Agricultural challenges Essay

â€Å" Food is our body’s fuel and without fuel it will be shut down† Food is indeed the elixir of life. Food, presently, has become one amongst the most common and imperative needs of a living being along with shelter and clothing. In other words, it has befallen to be one of the most common needs of a living being. As people improved their standard of living, they resort to newer trend in food too. Food is now a factor that decides the status of a person. . When did the quest for food really begin ? It is unanswerable. Probably, it may be since the emergence of the early man. The early man ate fruits and threw their seeds off. When they saw the seeds germinate into plants, they decided to start agriculture which at that time was just to raise seeds. This, happened about thousands of years ago and agriculture that took birth. As a result, this brought about great changes in the socio – economic condition of the Homo sapiens. It was one of the most remarkable incidents in the history of human being. Thus, began the quest for food via agriculture. Generation by generation, modern technologies and modern methods were evolved. Today, we have the most sophisticated technologies for better food production. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created surpluses of various resources that nurtured the development of civilization and so was food. The human found food to be a component that kept them healthy, free from diseases, energetic and intelligent. They discovered that it helped in the growth and development of all living beings. Eventually, they found a lot more needs for food. Consequently, more and more people began to indulge in agriculture and thereby increase the production to meet the needs of rapidly growing population. Very soon, various branches of agriculture evolved like the horticulture [ art and science of growing fruits, flowers and ornamental plants ], animal husbandry 1 As years passed, the population grew tremendously. The people moved towards the assistance of technology to augment their production as human effort alone could not meet the needs of food to feed the entire population. As the technological assistance helped farmers produce a considerably good yield from a limited portion of land, more and more land got occupied by industries and other factories. Farming began to be considered as a below average job and youth got recruitment in industries. The arena of agriculture got faded as they were able to produce the enough food from the available land resources. The present day poverty and hunger are mainly due to the neglect of agriculture. Unless, agriculture is to be considered as a white collar job, we are no longer going to get rid of these dreadful hitches. It is high time to reconsider the potentials of agriculture, which supports the majority of the population. The situation has come that we have to promote sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture involves the successful management of agricultural resources to satisfy human needs while maintaining or enhancing environmental quality and conserving natural resources for future generations. By the year 2015, the world population is forecast to reach about 9 billion people – about one third greater than that of today. Therefore, there is greater demand for agriculture and thereby food production too. When we speak about food production and food consumption, it is necessarily important that we must know its present trends . . . . . . II. Objectives and Methodology : The following are the objectives of our research : We accomplished our research mainly to satisfy the following rationales : To be acquainted with the present day food production and consumption trends of people To learn about the latest technologies involved in the food and agriculture systems To study the various somber and solemn problems faced by our farmers / agriculturists 2 To discover solutions to their problems To give an awareness to the public about the importance of agriculture in this highly competitive and technological world To encourage youth to get into the field of agriculture To try to bring a respectful position for the farmers / agriculturists in the society Selection of students for Young Scientists Programme : We were selected by means of three selection rounds namely: 1. Poster presentation 2. Project report presentation 3. Model Demonstration Soon after the three selection processes, 55 students were crowned as the Young Scientists. We were divided into five teams and we, the Maroon team members were provided with the theme topic: â€Å"Food production and Food consumption†. The topic was further divided into sub – topics and they were distributed to our team members. We conducted reference works and researches on the given topics and for further clarifications and to make the other team mates aware of each research topic, we had team meets where in we were supposed to have effective discussion. Thus, each and every candidate of our team was accessed to the required information about the research topic. We even had field visits like the visit to the Sundaram Organic Farm, the Horticulture Research Station, SKM Egg Products India Private Limited etc which inculcated in us more knowledge about our theme topic. We worked as a team, as a family . . . . . 3 III. Food Production and Consumption trends in India i. Food production trends : World population has increased over the past 10 years by 760 million or more, which is equal to adding the combined population of Africa and South America. By 2025 it is expected that global population is expected to reach around 9Billion. Food has to be produced in colossal quantities to feed the entire population. Food production/capita has declined since 1971 in the world. Here, arises the problem of food production. The food grain obsolete technology ,more pests &diseases urbanization& (migration of rural labourers to urban),high labour cost, government agro policy being poor & unfocussed. The food production trends have changed so widely since the Egyptian civilization. Egyptians found that agriculture can prosper only with good water supply / irrigation. Nile river condition was studied & river water irrigation was effectively planned & made use of.. The production trend even varies with respect to culture, traditional aspects, customary aspects and the area under cultivation. The productions trend widely varies from country to country, state to state, district to district and even between communities. As a result, there arose a problem of insufficient production. ii. Green Revolution : In the 1970,s the food crisis was one of the major problems in our country as in many other countries. India was on its path to darkness. Lots of people died due to starvation and millions were still starving. The Central Food minister of that time, C.Subrahmaniam took initiative to find a solution to this deadly problem and the solution was later termed as Green Revolution. The introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds and the increased use of fertilizers and better irrigation are known collectively as the Green Revolution, which provided the increase in production needed to make India self-sufficient in food grains.( thus improving agriculture in India.) Hybrid high-yielding wheat was first introduced to India in 1963 by Dr. Borlaug. Production of wheat was very good making India self sufficient in food. 4 Along with high yielding seeds and irrigation facilities, the enthusiasm of farmers mobilized the idea of agricultural revolution and is also credited to M. S. Swaminathan and his team for having contributed towards the success of green revolution. As a result of this, the agriculture production in India saw great heights. Moreover, Green Revolution also brought about various technological reforms. iii. Technological Development: Various scientific and technological methods for increasing food production were evolved as a result of Green Revolution: mechanization, effective irrigation, use of fertilizers, control of weeds, pests and insects, new varieties of farm animals or high-yielding strains of grain, land reclamation, soil conservation, river basin development, adequate storage facilities, infrastructure development etc . . . are some of the technologies.. As India saw development in the later ages, even the technologies got improved. India also experienced the establishments of agricultural structures like check dams, water shed tanks, rain water harvesting pits etc . . . which ensured better agricultural production.. Technology is just changing the way that human beings operate the machines from the previous ones, & implements to be more precise and less wasteful in the use of fuel, seed, or fertilizer. In the foreseeable future, some agricultural machines will be capable of driving themselves, using GPS maps and electronic sensors. Even more esoteric are the new areas of nanotechnology and genetic engineering, where submicroscopic devices and biological processes, respectively, are being used as machines to perform agricultural tasks in unusual new ways. The future will also see the application of healthy hybrid varieties, GMO crops that are hale and hearty, organic methods that produces greater output, better irrigation systems etc . . As every good thing has an appalling visage, these technologies too had some advantages and disadvantages. iv. Advantages of Modern Technologies: It was successful in meeting a growing demand for food by the world’s population. Yields of primary crops such as rice and wheat increased dramatically. The price of food declined, the rate of increase in crop yields generally keeps pace with population growth, and the number of people who go hungry to bed was slightly reduced 5 The boost in food production has been due mainly to scientific advances and new technologies, including the development of new crop varieties The use of pesticides and fertilizers, and the construction of large irrigation systems helped the farmers increase their production It reduces time cosumption as it ensures effective management of crops in a shorter period of time Disadvantages of modern technologies : Increased chances of unemployment [ as technological equipments can do the work of 50 – 100 labours] Evidence indicates, however, that excessive reliance on monoculture farming and agro industrial inputs, such as capital-intensive technology, pesticides, and chemical fertilizers, has negatively impacted the environment and rural society. A number of â€Å"ecological diseases† have been associated with the intensification of food production by means of latest technological methods Chemical fertilizers can also become air pollutants, and have recently been implicated in the destruction of the ozone layer and in global warming Excessive use of technological equipments has also been linked to the acidification/salinization of soils and to a higher incidence of insect pests and diseases through mediation of negative nutritional changes in crop plants Most of the present day technologies are prone to causing pollution [ land, water and air ] v. Food consumption trends: The agriculture and food sector figures prominently in this enterprise and must be given due importance in any consideration of the promotion of healthy diets for individuals and population groups. Food strategies must not merely be directed at ensuring food security for all, but must also achieve the consumption of adequate quantities of safe and good quality foods that together make up a healthy diet. Any recommendation to that effect will have implications for all components in the food chain. It is therefore useful at this juncture to examine trends in consumption patterns worldwide and deliberate on the potential of the food and agriculture sector to meet the demands and challenges of the future. The food consumption trends in the ancient period were governed by the Hindu and Jain beliefs. As a result of this, Vegetarianism was the most prominent system during the ancient days. It was also partly under the surveillance of the Delhi and Mughal dynasties. Later, towards the medieval period, people learned to consume what is needed and preserve the rest so that they could use them during periods of starvation. Therefore, the trend of the medieval period turned to be limited consumption. Presently, in the modern era, the consumption trends cannot be defined because people consume food not only for health but for various other reasons too. The consumption trends of the majority of the population are also controlled by advertisements. The consumption trends are partly hereditary too. Most importantly, the consumption trends of the present day people are mainly to showcase their status. For example, the ones who consume rich food are given higher positions in the society and the rest are treated with lower dignity in the society. In short, the food consumption trends unlike food production trends vary even from person to person. With respect to each food item, the consumption trend varies widely. The kilograms in which the food items are consumed determine the demand for the specific item thereby, expressing the trend of food consumption. From this, the consumption trends of the present day human society [ India ] are lucid and patent. 7 vi. Country – Country variations : The food consumption trend of the people varies from country to country. Changes in agricultural practice over the past 50 years have increased the world’s capacity to provide food for its people through increases in productivity, greater diversity of foods and less seasonal dependence. Food availability has also increased as a consequence of rising income levels and falling food prices. This has resulted in considerable changes in food consumption over the past 50 years in all the corners of the world i.e. from country to country. Global and regional per capita food consumption (kcal per capita per day) Region 8 For instance, the consumption trends in India is as follows ( it is extremely different from that of USA which ranks 1st ) : vii. Link between Production and Consumption: To meet the forecasted consumption rates of the entire population of different countries, great attention has to be laid on food production. The food consumption trends depend on the mode of food production. If the food produces is sufficient to feed the population, then the people can adopt their own consumption trend while if it is not, then the people will have to change the mode of consumption in a way that will satisfy the entire population. Thus, the link between the food production and consumption is tightly bound and will need great attention in the future when the population will be high and the food produced will not be sufficient to feed the entire population. If it is obligatory to ensure a safe and sound future, then it is equally significant to bring stability and steadiness in the food production and consumption trends of today. The present day situation of the world cannot be understood. The farmer who is producing the food cannot fix the rate of the food and the consumer who is consuming the food is also not able to fix the rate ! ! Is the present day food production and consumption: producer controlled, consumer controlled or trader controlled ? – – Combination of all the three . . . . V. Production, Procurement and Distribution constraints : However, despite all these trends in food production and consumption, there are certain dilemma and constraints with respect to production, procurement and distribution that have to be given more attention. i. Food production constraints: Improvement solutions are to be resorted by tackling together the problems associated with population growth and food production. A review of the problems of rapid population growth and declining food production and suggestions for resolution are given. World population has increased over the past 10 years by 760 million. Future increases are expected to bring total population to 9 billion by the year 2014 and 16 billion in 2025 (exponential increases). Food production/capita has declined since 1971 in the world in the recent past. The food production problem is technical, environmental, social, political, and economic. Food grain production in India(2009-2010) : 234Mn tonnes Per capita food grain produced: 193Kg/year Food grain production growth (in phase with population growth) : 5.5Mn tonnes/year Suggestions for increasing the food grain production : irrigation, use of fertilizers, &use of Botanical Pesticides control of weeds and insects, new varieties of farm animals or high-yielding strains of grain, land reclamation, mechanization soil conservation, ,Most Efficient water management river basin development, adequate storage facilities, infrastructure development, Birth control. Crop rotation, Organic farming, Mixed cropping Co-operate farming (supply ,operation &maintenance of agricultural machinery equipments) Few Environmental problems which need urgent attention.: soil erosion from mechanization, accumulation of DDT in food and water and animal life from pesticide use, and Water pollution from chemical fertilizers. Increased frequency & intensity of drought &flooding Climate change affects Rice &wheat production New pattern of pests &diseases Food production can be increased with more ecologically sound practices. Information about weather and weather forecasting allows for more suitable land management. Shifting cultivation and land tenure systems should involve conservation farming techniques. Organic manures and appropriate use of chemical fertilizers can raise soil fertility. Even if the production becomes stable, there lies a lot of problems in the next stage – procurement. ii. Urban Market Facilities and Management Public markets have burned down throughout the world over the last few years because of inadequate structures and maintenance, poor management, fire-hazard practices †¦ or to force traders into new markets. These blows to the local economy have important financial implications for small traders and entrepreneurs as well as consumers. Existing market spaces and facilities are often insufficient in developing countries and countries in transition. Consequently, many food traders occupy roads around markets. Urban markets are usually seen as a source of revenue to local town coffers, but those funds are often not reinvested in infrastructure maintenance and better services. This leads to traders feeling that market taxes are not justified and to unrest when rates are increased. Cold-storage facilities are usually insufficient and rent is often high. The few cold-storage rooms built by market managers are often inefficient,. Perishable food products, therefore, deteriorate rapidly.Public markets lack professional management and its continuity. Market authorities have insufficient skilled personnel and are unable to enforce regulations. Consequently, trading in public markets becomes more difficult and, therefore, costly. 11 iii. Food Retailing With respect to procurement and distribution, food retailing and food retail markets can be of great assistance in the modern era though it has not become more effective in India.Middle and high-income consumers shop at supermarkets while low-income consumers, who can spend as much as 80 percent of their income on food, go to local shops, to market places near their homes or buy from street vendors. Public retail markets have not expanded rapidly enough in newly urbanized areas and existing markets have been unable to accommodate the increasing number of retailers. Lack of space or new market opportunities in satellite city districts are thus the cause of spontaneous markets which fill an important gap in the distribution chain. However, their unplanned nature may create traffic, health and environmental problems. iv. Urban Markets: Hygiene, Health, Security and the Environment Since there is lack of private investments and public contribution, the markets of India lack hygiene, health and other basic requirements. Though, the government has taken effective measures, there is no much development in this situation. Market authorities usually guarantee cleaning inside the markets, but this is rarely adequate. Toilet facilities are rare and seldom properly cleaned. Water points, drainage and sewage are usually insufficient. Inadequate lighting in markets exposes users to additional risks and increases the likelihood of theft. The precarious hygiene conditions of established and spontaneous markets, the increasing quantities of waste, and the growing number of Lorries required for food transport, have an adverse impact on the environment, as they pollute air and water, increase noise and threaten public health. v. Public Distribution System (PDS) Public Distribution System (PDS) is an Indian food security system. Established by the Government of India under Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution and managed jointly with state governments in India, it distributes subsidized food and non-food items to India’s poor. 12 Major commodities distributed include staple food grains, such as wheat, rice, sugar, and kerosene, through a network of Public distribution shops, also known as Ration shops established in several states across the country. Food Corporation of India, a Government-owned corporation, procures and maintains the Public Distribution System. In terms of both coverage and public expenditure, it is considered to be the most important food security network. However, the food grains supplied by the ration shops are not enough to meet the consumption needs of the poor or are of inferior quality. The average level of consumption of PDS grains in India is only 1 kg per person / month. The PDS has been criticized for its urban bias and its failure to serve the poorer sections of the population effectively. The targeted PDS is costly and gives rise to much corruption in the process of extricating the poor from those who are less needy. Today, India has the largest stock of grain in the world besides China, the government spends Rs. 750 billion ($13.6 billion) per year, almost 1 percent of GDP, yet 21% remain undernourished. Distribution of food grains to poor people throughout the country is managed by state governments. As of date there are about 4.99 lakh Fair Price Shops (FPS) across India. The food distribution in India is not effective. It has lot of drawbacks when compared to the distribution systems of the developed countries. The food distribution system in India is as follows : 13 VI. Food Wastage : i. Food Wastage – an introduction : Food waste or food loss is the food that is discarded or lost, uneaten. As of 2011, billion tons of food, about one third of the global food production, is lost or wasted annually. Loss and wastage occurs on all steps in the food supply chain. In low-income countries, most loss occurs during production, while in developed countries much food – about 100 kilograms (220 lb) per person and year – is wasted at the consumption stage. In terms of production, the food wastage may occur in various stages. Research found that food grain waste occurs mainly in the beginning of production, transportation & distribution, storage system, preparation food,(cooking), serving & after consumption(throwing away the unconsumed)From planting, crops can be subjected to pest infestations and severe weather, which cause losses before the harvest part of a crop. In India, the wastage in food grain &cooked food is intolerably high.. Some of the major causes of this food wastage are improper storage facilities, lack of effective transport systems, lack of refrigerated transport vehicles, ill – maintained roads, attack of pests and rodents, lack of initiative of the public, lack of awareness, insufficient technological assistance, lack of preservation techniques and a lot more . . . . The food wastage problem of today’s India needs immediate attention and has to be paid more attention to ensure minimal wastage in the coming years. ii. Management of Food waste Reduction A quantity of wheat required by the entire production of Australia is wasted each year in India, according to a new report on global food wastage. At least 40% of all fruit and vegetables are lost in India between the grower and consumer due to lack of refrigerated transport, poor roads, inclement weather and corruption. Therefore, the best way to get rid of wastes is to minimize the wastage by ourselves. However, some of the waste reduction management techniques are given below: The feeding of food scraps to animals is, historically, the most common way of dealing with household food waste Vermi composting is the practice of feeding scraps [ food waste ] to worms who produce soil as a byproduct food waste can be dumped, but it can also be fed to animals, or it can be biodegraded by composting or anaerobic digestion, and reused to enrich soil Food waste coming through the sanitary sewers from garbage disposal units is treated along with other sewage and contributes to sludge which in turn is used in biogas plants In any function, food is to be served to the requirement Moreover food waste can also be recycled to produce various substances like paper, packaging material etc.. . Campaigns and awareness programmes like LOVE FOOD, HATE WASTE must be encouraged so as to make the public aware of the importance of food and the consequences of wasting food. Let us join hands to foresee a world that doesn’t waste food. VII. Food preservation and Food Packaging i. Food preservation – a brief overview Preservation usually involves preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi (such as yeasts), and other micro-organisms (although some methods work by introducing benign bacteria, or fungi to the food), as well as retarding the oxidation of fats which cause rancidity. Food preservation can also include processes which inhibit visual deterioration, such as the enzymatic browning reaction in apples after they are cut, which can occur during food preparation. Many processes designed to preserve food will involve a number of food preservation methods. Preserving fruit by turning it into jam, and sealing within an airtight jar (to prevent recontamination). There are many traditional methods of preserving food that limit the energy inputs and reduce carbon footprint. Maintaining or creating nutritional value, texture and flavour is an important aspect of food preservation, although, historically, some methods drastically altered the character of the food being preserved. ii. Principles of Food preservation: Preservation of a variety of food items, whatever the method maybe, is based on the following principles : 15 Prevention or Delay of Microbial Decomposition of food a. By keeping out micro – organisms [ asepsis ] b. By removal of micro – organisms by means of filtration c. By hindering their growth and activity through Drying methods Addition of chemicals [not recommended] Prevention or Delay of Self Decomposition of food a. Destruction of food enzymes b. Inactivation of food enzymes Thus, it is concluded that the main aim of food preservation is to inhibit either the microbial or self decomposition of food items. Food preservation involves the application of various methods that work on these principles. iii. Food Preservation Methods: There are various methods that can be applied over food items for its long term preservation. The main aim of food preservation is to increase the shelf life of the food item subjected to these preservation methods. However, a food item cannot undergo all the preservation techniques. The technique for each item is chosen with respect to the pH of the food and various other chemical factors. Some of the most accomplished food preservation techniques are: Refrigeration Vacuum packing Salting or Curing Smoking Adding food additives iv. Food packaging Packaging: The word ‘PACKAGING’ means to cover the physical property of a material to prevent it from its enemies. 16 Food packaging: Food packaging means to pack the food to prevent it from enemies, decaying and microbes. Food packaging can be done to food items with the help of packaging materials. Most of the food items are specific to certain materials and it is decided with attention to their chemical and physical properties. Types of food packaging materials: v. Value Addition: Value added agriculture is a process of increasing the economic value and consumer appeal of an agricultural commodity. It is a production/marketing strategy driven by customer needs and preferences. â€Å"Value – added† is used to characterize food products that are converted from raw product through processes that give the resulting product an â€Å"incremental value† in the market place. An â€Å"incremental value† is realized from either higher price or expanded market. For example, jams, cheeses, and pre – cooked meats are considered â€Å"value – added† products. Importance of value added products: Financial benefit – A value added agricultural product may have more market value than any other commodity Helps meet the changing preferences and interests of the public Possesses better quality, nutrition, convenience, safety, health, variety, price, social and environmental acceptance etc . . . Value – addition has become one of the major trends in the field of agriculture. It has brought about great changes in the mode of consumption of the public. Despite all these technologies, there are certain problems faced by the farmers and agriculturists. VIII. Problems faced by Agriculturists and Farmers : i. Major problems faced by Agriculturists and Farmers : The major problems confronting Indian agriculture are those of population pressure, small holdings, depleted soils, lack of modern technology and poor (quality and numbers) facilities for storage. Population pressure: Population increase & hence dwelling area are needed more .Therefore the area for cultivation becomes decreased. In country like Japan hill slopes have been cut into terraces for cultivation Small and Fragmented Land Holdings: The pressure of increasing population and the practice of dividing land equally among the heirs has caused excessive sub divisions of farm holdings. Consequently, the holdings are small and fragmented. The small size of holdings makes farming activity uneconomical and leads to social tension, violence and discontentment. Inadequate Irrigation Facilities: By and large the irrigation facilities available in India are far from adequate. So for half of the total area under food crops has been brought under irrigation and the remaining half is left to the mercy of monsoon rains which are erratic in time and space. Depleted Soils: Indian soils have been used for growing crops for thousands of years which have resulted in the depletion of soil fertility. With deforestation the sources of maintaining natural fertility of soil has been drying out. Lack of material resources and ignorance of scientific knowledge have further depleted the soils of the natural fertility. Earlier only animal waste was enough to maintain soil fertility. Storage of food grains: Storage of food grains is a big problem in India. Nearly 10 per cent of our harvest goes waste every year in the absence of proper storage facilities. This colossal wastage can be avoided by developing scientific ware-housing facilities. The government has taken several steps to provide storage facilities in the form of private storage go downs. Moreover, Government support & guidance for Agricultural product Export has become very poor &corruptive system. Farm Implements: Although some mechanization of farming has taken place in some parts of the country, most of the farmers are poor (in knowledge& finance) and do not purchase modern farm implements and tools. This hampers the development of agriculture. ii. Minor problems faced by Agriculturists and Farmers: Indian agriculture is a gamble of monsoons. Monsoons are irregular unevenly distributed and uncertain. It exerts a very unfavourable influence on agriculture. The serious drainage problem caused by the increased construction of roads, railways and canals disturbed the natural drainage system by checking the normal flow of rain water and bringing heavy floods. This result in large scale damage to crop. Global climatic changes affect agriculturist and farmers through their direct and indirect effects on the crops, soils, livestock and pests. The over cropping in a land leads to the exhaustion of soils. Declining trend is seen in the productivity of the land. Exploitation of land with excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides leads to land fertility degradation. The land under cultivation of food grains has been declining due to construction of industries and residential building etc. There is inefficient water management. In order to withstand the global competition India has to use its vast potential of Agriculture by adopting modern technologies in farming. iii Steps taken by the government and other organizations: Subsidized five per cent interest rate on crop loans on timely repayment Initiated discussion session on topics that both help farmers to understand their existing situation and identify their opportunities and constraints Encouraged farmers to think of ways to improve their own marketing Laid focus on practical issues Used audio-visual presentations during farmers meeting sessions [ organized by the government ] Used traders and others to inform farmers about how the market works Ensured that farmers are able to make a comparatively good produce Provided farmers with the information they need about various agricultural practicesRegardless of the implementation of various measures and steps, problems still exist in the case of food preservation. Problems affecting the production, procurement and exportation have been solved to a great extent. It is food preservation that needs a lot of attention in this era. IX. Modern Technologies in Food and Agriculture: i. Technologies in Food preservation: The modern technologies involved in food preservation are : Pulsed Electric Field Electroporation High Pressure Food Preservation. Hurdle technology Pulsed Electric Field Electroporation: Pulsed electric field (PEF) electroporation is a method for processing cells by means of brief pulses of a strong electric field. PEF holds potential as a type of low temperature alternative pasteurization process for sterilizing food products. PEF for food processing is a developing technology still being researched. High pressure Food preservation: High pressure food preservation or pascalization refers to the use of a food preservation technique which makes use of high pressure. Pressed inside a vessel exerting 70,000 pounds per square inch (480 MPa) or more, food can be processed so that it retains its fresh appearance, flavour, texture and nutrients while disabling harmful microorganisms and slowing spoilage. Hurdle technology: Hurdle technology is a method of ensuring that pathogens in food products can be eliminated or controlled by combining more than one approach. These approaches can be thought of as â€Å"hurdles† the pathogen has to overcome if it is to remain active in the food. The right combination of hurdles can ensure all pathogens are eliminated or rendered harmless in the final product. As a result of these modern food production, procurement and preservation techniques, the environment is being degraded to a great extent. Moreover, the environment too is not so cooperative with agriculture. It provides a lot of hurdles that agriculture is not able to prosper very effectively today. X. Environmental Consequences: i. Consequences caused to the environment from agriculture: Modern Agricultural practices use a lot of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. They are rich in nitrates and phosphates. Once they are sprayed over the plants, they get suspended in the soil. When they are subjected to rainfall, they get drone away into water bodies. They then cause Eutrophication. These depositions of nitrates and phosphates may lead to the growth of algae on the surface of the water. They utilize the maximum oxygen in the water thus creating a situation wherein there is loss of marine life. This situation is known as eutrophication. Other consequences are pollution [ the technical devices used in food production may initiate harmful emissions of gases causing pollution ] and the rise of BOD [ Biological Oxygen Demand ]. It is said: â€Å"As you sow, so shall you reap†. As modern agricultural methods are causing great deteriorations to the environment, the environment in turn is not supportive to agricultural practices. ii. Consequences caused to agriculture by the environment: Soil is a dynamic living matrix that is an essential part of the terrestrial ecosystem. It is a critical resource not only to agriculture production and food security but also not to the maintenance of most live processes. This soil is getting deteriorated day by day, so is agriculture. Agriculture accounts for 70% of all water use. Water resources are depleting at a faster rate with water table falling worldwide. The global environmental outlook report says that, if the present water consumption pattern continues, two out of every three persons on earth will live in water stressed conditions by the year 2025. In such a condition, when the water resources are fast depleting, agriculture too become a depleting practice. Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change and its impact is threatening global food security. Global warming is projected to have significant impacts on climate change and conditions affecting agriculture. Thus, as the present situation continues, the environment gets degraded more and more creating climate imbalance. As a result, the agricultural practices also foresees downfall. Therefore, the environment too is a threat to agriculture today. In spite of all these threatening reasons, man still is moving towards industrialization and is degrading the environment without paying enough attention towards agriculture. XI. Industrialisation and Agriculture: Industry is the production of an economic good or service within an economy. The Industrialization that took place in Europe in the late 18th century brought about great socio – economic changes in the world. Even today, the most advanced technologies that we experience are a result of this industrialization. However, this process also brought with it certain ill effects. It popularized industries and made agricultural practices face a downfall. . 22 It is transparent from this that both the GDP and the growth of agricultural sectors have both experienced serious downfall in the past fifty years. Unless this situation is treated with the appropriate solution, this dreadful condition cannot be overcome. As it continues, the public may have to move towards greener methods in the future. i. Recent Issues: 1. The Pepsi project Issue which has become a threat to the Punjab agricultural practices. Diversification of agriculture has become the main aim of the Pepsi Project . 2. The ONGC – Cauvery Oil Asset [ industry ] that created oil spills in the field which lead to large scale destruction of crop fields and also the ravaging of the paddy fields that surrounded the leaking pipelines of this industry. 3. The MESCO and Jindal steel plants, established in Orissa have turned against the existing agricultural practices. Their establishments have accounted for large scale destruction measures like deforestation and the illegal use of agricultural lands and forests. These issues have become a real threat to the world. Though, the agricultural produce is not sufficient to feed the entire population, people are moving towards industries and urban jobs rather than concentrating on agricultural activities which is the scope of future. Since people are not ready to change their attitude, it is necessary to have a balanced industrialization for the betterment of agriculture. 23 ii. Balanced Industrialization for the betterment of Agriculture Industrialization and Agriculture must go hand in hand for the betterment of our country. Industrialization should be practiced in such a way that there are no adverse effects on the agricultural practices. At the same time, it is necessary that scientific advances of the industries should have the potentials to bring about agro – ecosystems. XII. Our role: Apart from these industrial measures and other preventive measures, it is obligatory that each individual has to contribute to the betterment of our nation in one or the other way. We must furnish the public with a better understanding of the complexity of the present day agricultural systems We must develop a need to address both food consumption and production We must provide the essential knowledge and innovation through cross-sectoral approaches We must explore new ways of policy coordination We must motivate the educated ones so as to involve them in agriculture We must initiate awareness programmes as a result of which the farmers would become knowledgeable about the modern technologies in food production and food preservation We must join hands to build up a brighter and greener INDIA XIII. Conclusion : â€Å" Developed India is possible only if the agriculture is developed; But Prosperous India is possible only if the agricultural sectors are improved. & sustained along with industrial growth . . † Use less & less resources to achive more & more productivity. Industrialisation &agriculture fields should support mutually without degrading our eco system. The prospective future of mankind is not outside his control, but well with in his boundary. Taking care of rights of future generations, let us use/consume carefully all types of resources given by the nature. As Young Scientists, let’s take an oath to produce good food, consume just adequate food, waste nil food and store the balance food for the future /future generations. . . XIV. References: www.wiki.org www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.foodnavigator.asia.com Britannica Encyclopedia, F Series [ Food ] Green technologies in food production, pg no: 149, 2012 edition; author: Joyce.I.Boye www.wattagnwt.com www.meattradenewsdaily.com www.newsonair.com